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  • MDPI AG  (55)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Characterization of the Fouling Layer on the Membrane Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor: Evolution of the Foulants’ Composition and Aggregation Ability
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Membranes Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2019-07-16), p. 85-
    Details
    In: Membranes, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2019-07-16), p. 85-
    Abstract: In this study, the characteristics of membrane foulants were analyzed with regard to morphology, composition, and aggregation ability during the three stages of transmembrane pressure (TMP) development (fast–slow–fast rise in TMP) in a steady operational membrane bioreactor (MBR). The results obtained show that the fouling layer at the slow TMP-increase stage possessed a higher average roughness (71.27 nm) and increased fractal dimension (2.33), which resulted in a low membrane fouling rate (0.87 kPa/d). A higher extracellular DNA (eDNA) proportion (26.12%) in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) resulted in both higher zeta potential (-23.3 mV) and higher hydrophobicity (82.3%) for initial foulants, which induced and increased the protein proportion in the subsequent fouling layer (74.11%). Furthermore, the main composition of the EPS shifted from protein toward polysaccharide dominance in the final fouling layer. The aggregation test confirmed that eDNA was essential for foulant aggregation in the initial fouling layer, whereas ion interaction significantly affected foulant aggregation in the final fouling layer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0375
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/membranes9070085
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2614641-1
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  • 2
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    A Snapback-Free and Low Turn-Off Loss 15 kV 4H–SiC IGBT with Multifunctional P-Floating Layer
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2022-05-03), p. 734-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2022-05-03), p. 734-
    Abstract: In this paper, a 4H–SiC IGBT with a multifunctional P-floating layer (MP-IGBT) is proposed and investigated by Silvaco TCAD simulations. Compared with the conventional 4H–SiC field stop IGBT (FS-IGBT), the MP-IGBT structure features a P-floating layer structure under the N-buffer layer. The P-floating layer increases the distributed path resistance below the buffer layer to eliminate the snapback phenomenon. In addition, the P-floating layer acts as an amplifying stage for the hole currents’ injection. The snapback-free structure features a half-cell pitch of 10 μm. For the same forward voltage drop, the turn-off loss of the MP-IGBT structure is reduced by 42%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi13050734
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 3
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    Chemical Composition and Deposition Characteristics of Precipitation into a Typical Temperate Forest in Northeastern China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Forests Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2022-11-29), p. 2024-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2022-11-29), p. 2024-
    Abstract: The chemical compositions and deposition characteristics of atmospheric precipitation affect the structure and function of forest ecosystems and reflect regional air quality. Although northeastern China constitutes a vital forested area, few relevant studies reveal the chemical composition and the nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) deposition characteristics within precipitation. In this study, we monitor precipitation chemistry during 2018–2020 at a rural forested site in northeastern China (the Qingyuan site) and compare it with those from background sites (Mondy in Russia and Ochiishi in Japan) and highly anthropogenically influenced areas (Beijing). The precipitation pH range was 4.7–8.0 (volume-weighted average 6.2). The average concentration of total ions in precipitation was 459 μmol L−1, representing a moderate pollution level. Nitrate (NO3−, 73 μmol L−1) and ammonium (NH4+, 133 μmol L−1) were the major anions and cations in the precipitation. Total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) deposition was 12.3–15.9 kg N ha−1 year−1 (NH4+-N deposition accounted for 54–67%), lower than the average level in China (19.4 kg N ha−1 year−1). Annual precipitation sulphate (SO42−) deposition was 4.9–6.7 kg S ha−1 year−1. Seventy-two percent of the precipitation ions at our site originated from human activities. This work has revealed that N and S deposition is an important ion deposition component in atmospheric precipitation in the study of temperate forests in northeastern China. Nitrogen deposition, as a source of vital nutrients in the forest ecosystem, may promote forest growth and, thereby, forest carbon sequestration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f13122024
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 4
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    Larval Spatiotemporal Distribution of Six Fish Species: Implications for Sustainable Fisheries Management in the East China Sea
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2022-11-10), p. 14826-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2022-11-10), p. 14826-
    Abstract: The larval distributions of the small-sized fishes Omobranchus elegans, Erisphex pottii, Benthosema pterotum, Acropoma japonicum, Upeneus bensasi, and Apogonichthys lineatus in the East China Sea ecosystem are important due to their ecological and economic benefits. To date, however, there have been few studies describing their population distributions and dynamics. In the current study, ichthyoplankton surveys were carried out from April to July 2018 to analyze variations in the larval abundance, distribution, and development stages of these species. In addition, the spatiotemporal larval distribution was investigated in terms of measured environmental variables. It was found that larvae were mainly distributed at depths of 5.00–66.00 m, in areas with sea surface temperature of 4.40–29.60 °C, sea surface salinity of 16.54–34.60 psu, pH of 7.00–9.00, and dissolved oxygen concentration of 2.54–8.70 mg/L. Benthosema pterotum and A. lineatus migrated from 30.00–31.00° N 123.17–123.50° E in June to 30.00–32.50° N 122.22–123.50° E in July. The results of this study can help to preserve spawning and nursery grounds and contribute to sustainable coastal fisheries management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su142214826
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Numerical Investigations of Precise Wind Field in Main Landing Area during the Landing Phase of “Shen Zhou” Series Spacecraft Mission
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Aerospace Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2023-01-01), p. 37-
    Details
    In: Aerospace, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2023-01-01), p. 37-
    Abstract: Wind is one of the main factors raising errors in the spacecraft’s landing phase. As a result, an accurate description of incoming wind conditions is supposed to be a prerequisite for reliable parafoil trajectory planning. This work utilizes the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model system with efficient parameterization schemes to reproduce the wind field in the main landing area during the landing phase of the “Shen Zhou” series spacecraft mission. In comparison with observational data from several cases, it is validated that the WRF model has the potential to give an accurate imitation of wind behaviors and is expected to be an alternative technique for costly and time-consuming experimental undertakings. Based on the numerical results, a linear model is proposed in the current work, which is applicable to the altitude range, specifically for parafoil trajectory planning. It is validated by comparisons with observational wind properties from radio-sounding stations. In addition, a sixth-order polynomial model is introduced for comparison as well. The results show that the current proposed model has both the characteristics of a simple form and good accuracy. It shows overall better consistency with observational data than the sixth-order polynomial model.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2226-4310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/aerospace10010037
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2756091-0
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Very High Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction of SLM AlSi10Mg Based on CDM and SVR Models
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Aerospace Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2023-09-21), p. 823-
    Details
    In: Aerospace, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2023-09-21), p. 823-
    Abstract: A novel fatigue evolution model considering the effect of defect size and additive manufacturing building direction based on the theories of continuum damage mechanics and its numerical implementation in ABAQUS is proposed in this paper. First, the constitutive model, fatigue damage evolution model and their parameter calibration methods are presented. Second, using the ABAQUS platform, the proposed model is implemented with user-defined subroutines. After that, based on the proposed model and its numerical implementation, the fatigue life of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg is predicted and its applicability is verified through experimental results. Finally, a support vector regression model is established to predict the fatigue life, and its results are compared to those of the numerical finite element method. The results show that the support vector regression model makes better predictions than the finite element method.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2226-4310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/aerospace10090823
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2756091-0
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  • 7
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    Calcium Overload or Underload? The Effects of Doxorubicin on the Calcium Dynamics in Guinea Pig Hearts
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biomedicines Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2022-09-06), p. 2197-
    Details
    In: Biomedicines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2022-09-06), p. 2197-
    Abstract: The severe doxorubicin (DOXO) side effect of cardiomyopathy limits it clinical application as an effective anticancer drug. Although Ca2+ overload was postulated as one of the mechanisms for this toxicity, its role was, however, disputable in terms of the contractile dysfunction. In this work, the dynamics of the intracellular Ca2+ signal were optically mapped in a Langendorff guinea pig heart. We found that DOXO treatment: (1) Delayed the activation of the Ca2+ signal. With the reference time set at the peak of the action potential (AP), the time lag between the peak of the Ca2+ signal and AP (Ca-AP-Lag) was significantly prolonged. (2) Slowed down the intracellular Ca2+ releasing and sequestering process. Both the maximum rising (MRV) and falling (MFV) velocity of the Ca2+ signal were decreased. (3) Shortened the duration of the Ca2+ signal in one cycle of Ca2+ oscillation. The duration of the Ca2+ signal at 50% amplitude (CaD50) was significantly shortened. These results suggested a reduced level of intracellular Ca2+ after DOXO treatment. Furthermore, we found that the effect of tachypacing was similar to that of DOXO, and, interestingly, DOXO exerted contradictory effects on the tachypaced hearts: it shortened the Ca-AP-Lag, accelerated the MRV and MFV, and prolonged the CaD50. We, therefore, concluded that DOXO had a different effect on intracellular Ca2+. It caused Ca2+ underload in hearts with sinus rhythm; this might relate to the contractile dysfunction in DOXO cardiomyopathy. It led to Ca2+ overload in the tachypaced hearts, which might contribute to the Ca2+-overload-related toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9059
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092197
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720867-9
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  • 8
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    Analysis of Risky Riding Behavior Characteristics of the Related Road Traffic Injuries of Electric Bicycle Riders
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2023-03-31), p. 5352-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2023-03-31), p. 5352-
    Abstract: Electric bicycle (EB) riders, being vulnerable road users (VRUs), are increasingly becoming victims of road traffic injuries (RTIs). This study aimed to determine the current status and epidemiological characteristics of RTIs among EB riders through a questionnaire survey and roadside observations in Shantou to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of electric bicycle road traffic injuries (ERTIs). A total of 2412 EB riders were surveyed, and 34,554 cyclists were observed in the study. To analyze the relationship between riding habits and injuries among EB riders, chi-square tests and multi-factor logistic regression models were employed. The findings reveal that the prevalence of ERTIs in Shantou was 4.81%, and the most affected group was children under 16 years old, accounting for 9.84%. Risky behavior was widespread among EB riders, such as the infrequent wearing of safety helmets, carrying people on EBs, riding on sidewalks, and listening to music with headphones while bicycling. Notably, over 90% of those who wore headphones while bicycling engaged in this risky behavior. The logistic regression analysis showed that honking the horn (odds ratio (OR): 2.009, 95% CI: 1.245–3.240), riding in reverse (OR: 4.210, 95% CI: 2.631–6.737), and continuing to ride after a fault was detected (OR: 2.010, 95% CI: 1.188–3.402) all significantly increased the risk of ERTIs (all p 〈 0.05). Risky riding behavior was significantly less observed at traffic intersections with traffic officers than at those without (all p 〈 0.001).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075352
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 9
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    Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Plasma after Remote Ischemic Conditioning in a Rhesus Monkey Ischemic Stroke Model
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2021-08-06), p. 1164-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2021-08-06), p. 1164-
    Abstract: Background: Animal and clinical studies have shown that remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has protective effects for cerebral vascular diseases, with induced humoral factor changes in the peripheral blood. However, many findings are heterogeneous, perhaps due to differences in the RIC intervention schemes, enrolled populations, and sample times. This study aimed to examine the RIC-induced changes in the plasma proteome using rhesus monkey models of strokes. Methods: Two adult rhesus monkeys with autologous blood clot-induced middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion underwent RIC interventions twice a week for five consecutive weeks. Each RIC treatment included five cycles of five minutes of ischemia alternating with five minutes of reperfusion of the forearm. The blood samples were taken from the median cubital vein of the monkeys at baseline and immediately after each week’s RIC stimulus. The plasma samples were isolated for a proteomic analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). Results: Several proteins related to lipid metabolism (Apolipoprotein A-II and Apolipoprotein C-II), coagulation (Fibrinogen alpha chain and serpin), immunoinflammatory responses (complement C3 and C1), and endovascular hemostasis (basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan) were significantly modulated after the RIC intervention. Many of these induced changes, such as in the lipid metabolism regulation and anticoagulation responses, starting as early as two weeks following the RIC intervention. The complementary activation and protection of the endovascular cells occurred more than three weeks postintervention. Conclusions: Multiple protective effects were induced by RIC and involved lipid metabolism regulation (anti-atherogenesis), anticoagulation (antithrombosis), complement activation, and endovascular homeostasis (anti-inflammation). In conclusion, this study indicates that RIC results in significant modulations of the plasma proteome. It also provides ideas for future research and screening targets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom11081164
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 10
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    The Effect of Raw Soybean on Oxidative Status of Digestive Organs in Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2011
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2011-12-02), p. 8836-8845
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2011-12-02), p. 8836-8845
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128836
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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