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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ginsenoside Rg3 Improves Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury in Rats via Suppression of Neuronal Apoptosis, Pro-Inflammatory Mediators, and Microglial Activation
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Molecules Vol. 22, No. 1 ( 2017-01-12), p. 122-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 1 ( 2017-01-12), p. 122-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010122
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 2
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    Responses to the Tepotinib in Gastric Cancers with MET Amplification or MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutations and High Expression of Both PD-L1 and CD44
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-15), p. 3444-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-15), p. 3444-
    Abstract: Both MET exon 14 skipping mutation (METex14SM) and high copy-number variation (CNV) lead to enhanced carcinogenesis; additionally, programmed-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is often upregulated in cancers. In this study, we characterized the expression of MET (including METex14SM), PD-L1, and CD44 in human gastric cancer (GC) cells as well as the differential susceptibility of these cells to tepotinib. Tepotinib treatments inhibited the growth of five GC cells in a dose-dependent manner with a concomitant induction of cell death. Tepotinib treatments also significantly reduced the expression of phospho-MET, total MET, c-Myc, VEGFR2, and Snail protein in SNU620, MKN45, and Hs746T cells. Notably, tepotinib significantly reduced the expression of CD44 and PD-L1 in METex14SM Hs746T cells. By contrast, tepotinib was only slightly active against SNU638 and KATO III cells. Migration was reduced to a greater extent in the tepotinib-treated group than in the control group. Tepotinib may have therapeutic effects on c-MET-amplified GC, a high expression of both PD-L1 and CD44, and METex14SM. Clinical studies are needed to confirm these therapeutic effects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143444
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 3
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    Entrectinib Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer with NTRK Overexpression
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2021-12-30), p. 395-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2021-12-30), p. 395-
    Abstract: Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK class VII) expression are important in many human diseases, especially cancers, including colorectal, lung, and gastric cancer. Using RNA sequencing analysis, we evaluated the mRNA expression and mutation profiles of gastric cancer patients with neurotropic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) 1-3 overexpression (defined as a ≥2.0-fold change). Furthermore, we screened eight TRK inhibitors in NCI-N87, SNU16, MKN28, MKN7, and AGS cells. Among these inhibitors, entrectinib showed the highest inhibitory activity; therefore, this drug was selected for analysis of its therapeutic mechanisms in gastric cancer. Entrectinib treatment induced apoptosis in NTRK1-3-expressing and VEGFR2-expressing NCI-N87 and AGS cells, but it had no effect on NTRK1-3-, VEGFR2-, TGFBR1-, and CD274-expressing MKN7 cells. SNU16 and MKN28 cells with low NTRK1-3 expression were not affected by entrectinib. Therefore, a mechanistic study was conducted in NCI-N87 (high expression of NTRK1-3 but mutation of NTRK3), AGS (high expression of NTRK1-3) and MKN28 (low expression of NTRK1-3) gastric cancer cell lines. Entrectinib treatment significantly reduced expression levels of phosphorylated NFκB, AKT, ERK, and β-catenin in NCI-N87 and AGS cells, whereas it upregulated the expression levels of ECAD in NCI-N87 cells. Together, these results suggest that entrectinib has anti-cancer activity not only in GC cells overexpressing pan NTRK but also in VEGFR2 GC cells via the inhibition of the pan NTRK and VEGFR signaling pathways.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010395
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
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    Estimating Lifetime Dental Care Expenditure in South Korea: An Abridged Life Table Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 17, No. 9 ( 2020-05-09), p. 3308-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 9 ( 2020-05-09), p. 3308-
    Abstract: The aim of this study was to measure the magnitude and distribution of a Korean’s lifetime dental expenses depending on age and sex, by constructing a hypothetical lifetime and life table of survival. Additionally, we estimated the difference in life expectancy between men and women and its impact on dental expenses. We used the 2015 Korea Health Panel Survey to calculate the total dental expenditure, including expenses paid directly by patients and those paid by insurers. We generated survival profiles to simulate dental expenses during a typical lifetime (from birth to age 95) using the abridged life table (five-year intervals for age groups) in 2015 from the South Korean Statistical Information Service. We independently calculated the remaining dental expenses for survivors of all ages. The results showed that an estimate of average lifetime dental expenditure was $31,851 per capita: $31,587 for men and $32,318 for women. Nearly 33% of the average per capita lifetime dental expenditure was attributable to the longer life expectancy of women, with no statistically significant difference in lifetime dental expenditure between men and women. Many survivors incurred 70% of their lifetime dental expenses before age 65. The results highlighted the need for policymakers to address spending on age-specific dental care owing to extended life expectancy, given the disproportionate share of healthcare resources supporting the elderly.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093308
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 5
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    Children’s Dental Sealant Use and Caries Prevalence Affected by National Health Insurance Policy Change: Evidence from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2015)
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 16, No. 15 ( 2019-08-03), p. 2773-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 15 ( 2019-08-03), p. 2773-
    Abstract: We evaluated the effect of the National Health Insurance (NHI) policy including dental sealant on changes in the prevalence of sealant and caries, and examined how NHI affected sealant utilization and untreated caries in children from diverse income groups in South Korea. We used a multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore the effects of three stages of dental sealant policy (pre-policy: 2007–2009, first post-policy: 2010–2012, and second post-policy: 2013–2015) on the prevalence of dental sealant and untreated caries. Participant data (N = 8161, aged 6–14 years) were derived from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2015). We also conducted subgroup analysis to determine the effects of the NHI policy on dental sealant and untreated caries by income level. Implementation of dental insurance coverage was associated with higher likelihood of using dental sealant (odds ratio (OR) = 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18–1.63) for the first period and OR = 1.58 (95% CI: 1.33–1.87) for the second period) and lower odds of having untreated caries (OR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64–0.98) for the first period and OR = 0.65 (95% CI: 0.51–0.83) for the second period) after controlling for covariates. Results revealed that there was a greater prevalence of dental sealant and a lower prevalence of untreated caries in both middle- and low-income households compared to high-income households. The higher prevalence of dental sealant and lower untreated caries after the policy implementation. Moreover, we demonstrated children from low-or middle-income households were more associated with increasing dental sealant use and a declining prevalence of caries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152773
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 6
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    Unmet Healthcare Needs, Catastrophic Health Expenditure, and Health in South Korea’s Universal Healthcare System: Progression Towards Improving Equity by NHI Type and Income Level
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Healthcare Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2020-10-16), p. 408-
    Details
    In: Healthcare, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2020-10-16), p. 408-
    Abstract: This study examined the effects of healthcare inequality on personal health. It aimed to determine how health insurance type and income level influence catastrophic health expenditure and unmet healthcare needs among South Koreans. Unbalanced Korean Health Panel data from 2011 to 2015, including 33,374 adults, were used. A time-trend and panel regression analysis were performed. The first to identify changes in the main variables and, the second, mediating effects of unmet healthcare needs and catastrophic health expenditure on the relationship between health insurance type, income level, and health status. The independent variables were: high-, middle-, low-income employee insured, high-, middle-, low-income self-employed insured, and medical aid. The dependent variable was health status, and the mediators were unmet needs and catastrophic health expenditure. The medical aid beneficiaries and low-income self-employed insured groups demonstrated a higher probability of reporting poor health status than the high-income, insured group (15.6%, 2.2%, and 2.3%, respectively). Participants who experienced unmet healthcare needs or catastrophic health expenditure were 10.7% and 5.6% higher probability of reporting poor health, respectively (Sobel test: p 〈 0.001). National policy reforms could improve healthcare equality by integrating insurance premiums based on income among private-sector employees and self-employed individuals within the health insurance network.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040408
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721009-1
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  • 7
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    Unmet Dental Care Needs among Korean National Health Insurance Beneficiaries Based on Income Inequalities: Results from Five Waves of a Population-Based Panel Study
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Healthcare Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2020-05-05), p. 124-
    Details
    In: Healthcare, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2020-05-05), p. 124-
    Abstract: This study investigates whether self-employed beneficiaries experience greater difficulties in accessing dental care than insured employees based on their income level. This analysis uses 2011–2015 data from the Korea Health Panel, a population-based and nationally representative sample, covering 7083 participants aged 18 years and older. We measured barriers to dental access based on unmet needs or the inability to receive necessary dental care owing to the past year’s economic burdens. The type of health insurance and household income are considered independent variables. We applied multiple panel logistic regressions and two-panel logistic regression models with a fixed-effects approach to analyze the data. Self-employed beneficiaries were 1.16 times (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08–1.24) more likely to experience unmet dental needs than were insured employees. Insured employees and self-employed beneficiaries belonging to the lowest income bracket were 1.76 times (95% CI = 1.53–2.03) and 2.33 times (95% CI = 1.89–2.87) more likely to have unmet needs than those in the highest income bracket. Self-employed beneficiaries were 1.31 times (95% CI = 1.21–1.43) more likely to experience unmet dental needs caused by economic burdens than are insured employees. Insured employees of the lowest income quintile were 4.15 times (95% CI = 3.41–5.05) more likely to experience unmet needs caused by economic burdens, while the odds ratio for self-employed beneficiaries was 5.47 (95% CI = 4.05–7.39). Our findings indicate gaps in unmet dental needs between self-employed beneficiaries and insured employees. The government should adopt strategies to reduce unmet needs among marginalized groups and redefine the role of national health insurance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8020124
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721009-1
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  • 8
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    Thermal CO Oxidation and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over Bare and M-Al2O3 (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au) Cotton-Like Nanosheets
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2021-05-13), p. 1278-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2021-05-13), p. 1278-
    Abstract: Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) has abundantly been used as a catalyst, and its catalytic activity has been tailored by loading transition metals. Herein, γ-Al2O3 nanosheets were prepared by the solvothermal method, and transition metals (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au) were loaded onto the nanosheets. Big data sets of thermal CO oxidation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction activities were fully examined for the transition metal-loaded Al2O3 nanosheets. Their physicochemical properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction crystallography, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt-loading showed a great enhancement in CO oxidation activity while other metals negated the activity of bare Al2O3 nanosheets. Rh-Al2O3 showed the lowest CO oxidation onset temperature of 172 °C, 201 °C lower than that of bare γ-Al2O3. CO2 reduction experiments were also performed to show that CO, CH3OH, and CH4 were common products. Ag-Al2O3 nanosheets showed the highest performances with yields of 237.3 ppm for CO, 36.3 ppm for CH3OH, and 30.9 ppm for CH4, 2.2×, 1.2×, and 1.6× enhancements, respectively, compared with those for bare Al2O3. Hydrogen production was found to be maximized to 20.7 ppm during CO2 reduction for Rh-loaded Al2O3. The present unique pre-screening test results provided very useful information for the selection of transition metals on Al2O3-based energy and environmental catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano11051278
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 9
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    Tepotinib Inhibits the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Growth of Gastric Cancers by Increasing GSK3β, E-Cadherin, and Mucin 5AC and 6 Levels
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 17 ( 2020-08-21), p. 6027-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 17 ( 2020-08-21), p. 6027-
    Abstract: Aberrant expression of mucins (MUCs) can promote the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which leads to enhanced tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis-related pathways involving c-MET and β-catenin are associated with MUCs. In this study, we characterized the expression of EMT-relevant proteins including MET, β-catenin, and E-cadherin in human gastric cancer (GC) cell lines, and further characterized the differential susceptibility of these cell lines compared with the c-MET inhibitor tepotinib. We assessed the antitumor activity of tepotinib in GC cell lines. The effects of tepotinib on cell viability, apoptotic cell death, EMT, and c-MET and β-catenin signaling were evaluated by 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), flow cytometry, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. The antitumor efficacy was assessed in MKN45 xenograft mice. Tepotinib treatment induced apoptosis in c-MET-amplified SNU620, MKN45, and KATO III cells, but had no effect on c-MET-reduced MKN28 or AGS cells. Tepotinib treatment also significantly reduced the protein levels of phosphorylated and total c-MET, phosphorylated and total ERK, β-catenin, and c-MYC in SNU620 and MKN45 cells. In contrast, this drug was only slightly active against KATO III cells. Notably, tepotinib significantly reduced the expression of EMT-promoting genes such as MMP7, COX-2, WNT1, MUC5B, and c-MYC in c-MET-amplified GC cells and increased the expression of EMT-suppressing genes such as MUC5AC, MUC6, GSK3β, and E-cadherin. In a mouse model, tepotinib exhibited good antitumor growth activity along with increased E-cadherin and decreased phosphorylated c-MET (phospho-c-MET) protein levels. Collectively, these results suggest that tepotinib suppresses tumor growth and migration by negatively regulating c-MET-induced EMT. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which MUC5AC and MUC6 contribute to GC progression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176027
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Relationship between Precarious Employment and Unmet Dental Care Needs among Korean Workers: A Longitudinal Panel Study
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Medicina Vol. 58, No. 11 ( 2022-10-28), p. 1547-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 58, No. 11 ( 2022-10-28), p. 1547-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives: Precarious workers experience certain conditions, such as low income, instability in employment, and lack of social security. Precarious employment has increased barriers to the use of dental care services, resulting in more unmet dental care needs. The aim of this study was to identify unmet dental care needs among precarious workers in Korea’s labor market, using data from the Korea Health Panel Survey (2011–2017). Materials and Methods: Based on job and income security criteria, four groups were formed: Group A (individuals with job and income security), Group B (individuals reporting job security with income insecurity), Group C (individuals reporting job insecurity with income security), and Group D (individuals with job and income insecurity). We measured self-reported unmet dental need or the inability to receive necessary dental care owing to the past economic burdens. Panel logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of precarious employment on unmet dental care needs for all participants. Results: Approximately 16% of the respondents reported having unmet dental care needs. Unmet dental care needs owing to economic reasons were higher among male workers in groups C and D than among male workers in Group A. In particular, male workers aged 50 years and above in Group B were 3.36 times more likely to have unmet dental care needs than those in Group A. In Group D, female workers showed a high probability of having dental care needs owing to economic reasons. Moreover, female workers aged 18–49 years witnessed an increase in unmet dental care needs. Conclusions: Korean workers with unstable employment and/or income are at a higher risk of having unmet dental care needs owing to financial factors. The findings suggest an urgent need to implement robust national health insurance policies to improve efforts aimed at reducing unmet dental care needs that potentially decreases the disparity in oral health among precariously employed workers. Furthermore, it is necessary to implement comprehensive labor market policies such as sickness benefits for those in precarious employment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111547
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088820-X
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