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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Relationship between Bone Stability and Egg Production in Genetically Divergent Chicken Layer Lines
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Animals Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05-14), p. 850-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05-14), p. 850-
    Abstract: Impaired animal welfare due to skeletal disorders is likely one of the greatest issues currently facing the egg production industry. Reduced bone stability in laying hens is frequently attributed to long-term selection for increased egg production. The present study sought to analyse the relationship between bone stability traits and egg production. The study comprised four purebred layer lines, differing in their phylogenetic origin and performance level, providing extended insight into the phenotypic variability in bone characteristics in laying hens. Data collection included basic production parameters, bone morphometry, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone breaking strength (BBS) of the tibiotarsus and humerus. Using a multifactorial model and regression analyses, BMD proved to be of outstanding importance for bone stability. Only for the tibiotarsus were morphometric parameters and the bone weight associated with BBS. Within the chicken lines, no effect of total eggshell production on BBS or BMD could be detected, suggesting that a high egg yield itself is not necessarily a risk for poor bone health. Considering the complexity of osteoporosis, the estimated genetic parameters confirmed the importance of genetics in addressing the challenge of improving bone strength in layers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani10050850
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
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  • 2
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    Microstructure Development in Artificially Cemented, Fine-Grained Soils
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Geosciences Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09-05), p. 333-
    Details
    In: Geosciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09-05), p. 333-
    Abstract: Fine-grained sedimentary deposits can bear an increased risk for building settlements due to their moderate stiffness and strength properties, as well as high groundwater tables. However, some buildings, e.g., situated on shallow foundations in Alpine basins, show only relatively small settlements because the formation of carbonate cement can create bridging bonds between the detrital soil particles, leading to increased stiffness. These weak bonds can be damaged through dynamic loads and high static loads, causing a weakening of the soil’s microstructure and resulting in large settlements in several cases. However, the environmental controls and mechanistic processes underlying the formation versus damaging of microstructure in fine-grained, postglacial sediments are, to date, poorly understood. In the present study, fine-grained sediments are artificially cemented by calcium carbonates (CaCO3) to investigate (i) the influence of a mild and sustainable cementation process on the stress–strain behavior of silicate- and carbonate-rich soils and (ii) the possibilities and limitations of artificial microstructure development for soil stabilization. Incremental load oedometer testing (IL), bender element testing (BE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (SSA) measurements are used to characterize the development of cementation and to elucidate the improvements in the soil mechanical properties. It is shown that cementation induced by CaCO3 mineralization (by 5–15% replacement) leads to an increased stiffness (factor ≈ 5–7) and shear wave velocity (factor ≈ 1.1), caused by the formation of nanocrystalline, particle-binding CaCO3 cements. The improvement of soil stiffness is dependent on the CaCO3 replacement level, reaction time and primary soil mineralogical composition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3263
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12090333
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655946-8
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  • 3
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    Discovery of Targetable Genetic Alterations in NSCLC Patients with Different Metastatic Patterns Using a MassARRAY-Based Circulating Tumor DNA Assay
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cells Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2020-10-22), p. 2337-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2020-10-22), p. 2337-
    Abstract: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has shown great promise as a minimally invasive liquid biopsy for personalized cancer diagnostics especially among metastatic patients. Here, we used a novel sensitive assay to detect clinically relevant mutations in ctDNA in blood plasma from metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, including patients with a limited oligo–brain metastatic disease. We analyzed 66 plasma samples from 56 metastatic NSCLC patients for 74 hotspot mutations in five genes commonly mutated in NSCLC using a novel MassARRAY-based lung cancer panel with a turnaround time of only 3 days. Mutations in plasma DNA could be detected in 28 out of 56 patients (50.0%), with a variant allele frequency (VAF) ranging between 0.1% and 5.0%. Mutations were detected in 50.0% of patients with oligo–brain metastatic disease, although the median VAF was lower (0.4%) compared to multi-brain metastatic patients (0.9%) and patients with extra-cranial metastatic progression (1.2%). We observed an overall concordance of 86.4% (n = 38/44) for EGFR status between plasma and tissue. The MassARRAY technology can detect clinically relevant mutations in plasma DNA from metastatic NSCLC patients including patients with limited, oligo–brain metastatic disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells9112337
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 4
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    Causal Relations of Upscaled Urban Aquaponics and the Food-Water-Energy Nexus—A Berlin Case Study
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Water Vol. 13, No. 15 ( 2021-07-24), p. 2029-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 15 ( 2021-07-24), p. 2029-
    Abstract: Aquaponics, the water-reusing production of fish and crops, is taken as an example to investigate the consequences of upscaling a nature-based solution in a circular city. We developed an upscaled-aquaponic scenario for the German metropolis of Berlin, analysed the impacts, and studied the system dynamics. To meet the annual fish, tomato, and lettuce demand of Berlin’s 3.77 million residents would require approximately 370 aquaponic facilities covering a total area of 224 hectares and the use of different combinations of fish and crops: catfish/tomato (56%), catfish/lettuce (13%), and tilapia/tomato (31%). As a predominant effect, in terms of water, aquaponic production would save about 2.0 million m3 of water compared to the baseline. On the supply-side, we identified significant causal link chains concerning the Food-Water-Energy nexus at the aquaponic facility level as well as causal relations of a production relocation to Berlin. On the demand-side, a ‘freshwater pescatarian diet’ is discussed. The new and comprehensive findings at different system levels require further investigations on this topic. Upscaled aquaponics can produce a relevant contribution to Berlin’s sustainability and to implement it, research is needed to find suitable sites for local aquaponics in Berlin, possibly inside buildings, on urban roofscape, or in peri-urban areas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w13152029
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Tailoring Epoxy Resin Foams by Pre-Curing with Neat Amine Hardeners and Its Derived Carbamates
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-04-20), p. 1348-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-04-20), p. 1348-
    Abstract: The use of amine-based carbamates with their dual function, acting as amine curing agents and CO2 blowing agents after their decomposition without by-products, are promising for ecofriendly epoxy foams as high-performance materials. However, controlling cell morphology requires a proper adjustment of the viscosity at the foaming step. The viscosity is altered not only by blending neat amine and its derived carbamate at a fixed pre-curing time, but also by changing the pre-curing time at a fixed blend ratio. Within this study, diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin is mixed with different blend ratios of isophorone diamine (IPDA) and its derived carbamate (B-IPDA). The systems are characterized by DSC and rheology experiments to identify the pre-curing effects on the derived epoxy foams. Epoxy foams at a blend ratio of 30/70w IPDA/B-IPDA showed the best foam morphology and an optimum Tg compared to other blend ratios. Furthermore, it was found that both pre-curing times, 2 h and 3 h, for the 30/70w IPDA/B-IPDA system reveal a more homogeneous cell structure. The study proves that the blending of neat amine and carbamate is beneficial for the foaming performance of carbamate systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13081348
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 6
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    Egg Production and Bone Stability of Local Chicken Breeds and Their Crosses Fed with Faba Beans
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Animals Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-22), p. 1480-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-22), p. 1480-
    Abstract: Poultry production is raising concerns within the public regarding the practice of culling day-old chicks and the importation of soy from overseas for feedstuff. Therefore, an alternative approach to poultry production was tested. In two consecutive experiments, two traditional chicken breeds, Vorwerkhuhn and Bresse Gauloise, and White Rock as a commercial layer genotype as well as crossbreds thereof were fed diets containing either 20% vicin-rich or vicin-poor faba beans, though addressing both subjects of debate. Hen performance traits and bone stability were recorded. All parameters were considerably influenced by the genotype with White Rock showing the significantly highest (p 〈 0.05) laying performance (99.4% peak production) and mean egg weights (56.6 g) of the purebreds, but the lowest bone breaking strength (tibiotarsus 197.2 N, humerus 230.2 N). Regarding crossbreds, the Bresse Gauloise × White Rock cross performed best (peak production 98.1%, mean egg weight 58.0 g). However, only limited dietary effects were found as only the feeding of 20% vicin-rich faba beans led to a significant reduction of egg weights of at most 1.1 g (p 〈 0.05) and to a significant reduction of the shell stability in the crossbred genotypes. In terms of dual-purpose usage, crossing of Bresse Gauloise with White Rock seems to be the most promising variant studied here.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani10091480
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
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  • 7
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    Development of Non-Targeted Mass Spectrometry Method for Distinguishing Spelt and Wheat
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-27), p. 141-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-27), p. 141-
    Abstract: Food fraud, even when not in the news, is ubiquitous and demands the development of innovative strategies to combat it. A new non-targeted method (NTM) for distinguishing spelt and wheat is described, which aids in food fraud detection and authenticity testing. A highly resolved fingerprint in the form of spectra is obtained for several cultivars of spelt and wheat using liquid chromatography coupled high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Convolutional neural network (CNN) models are built using a nested cross validation (NCV) approach by appropriately training them using a calibration set comprising duplicate measurements of eleven cultivars of wheat and spelt, each. The results reveal that the CNNs automatically learn patterns and representations to best discriminate tested samples into spelt or wheat. This is further investigated using an external validation set comprising artificially mixed spectra, samples for processed goods (spelt bread and flour), eleven untypical spelt, and six old wheat cultivars. These cultivars were not part of model building. We introduce a metric called the D score to quantitatively evaluate and compare the classification decisions. Our results demonstrate that NTMs based on NCV and CNNs trained using appropriately chosen spectral data can be reliable enough to be used on a wider range of cultivars and their mixes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods12010141
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 8
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    A Decision Support System for Public Funding of Experimental Development in Energy Research
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Energies Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2018-05-26), p. 1357-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2018-05-26), p. 1357-
    Abstract: New energy technologies may fail to make the transition to the market once research funding has ended due to a lack of private engagement to conclude their development. Extending public funding to cover such experimental developments could be one way to improve this transition. However, identifying promising research and development (R & D) proposals for this purpose is a difficult task for the following reasons: Close-to-market implementations regularly require substantial resources while public budgets are limited; the allocation of public funds needs to be fair, open, and documented; the evaluation is complex and subject to public sector regulations for public engagement in R & D funding. This calls for a rigorous evaluation process. This paper proposes an operational three-staged decision support system (DSS) to assist decision-makers in public funding institutions in the ex-ante evaluation of R & D proposals for large-scale close-to-market projects in energy research. The system was developed based on a review of literature and related approaches from practice combined with a series of workshops with practitioners from German public funding institutions. The results confirm that the decision-making process is a complex one that is not limited to simply scoring R & D proposals. Decision-makers also have to deal with various additional issues such as determining the state of technological development, verifying market failures or considering existing funding portfolios. The DSS that is suggested in this paper is unique in the sense that it goes beyond mere multi-criteria aggregation procedures and addresses these issues as well to help guide decision-makers in public institutions through the evaluation process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en11061357
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 9
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    Distinct Immune Signatures Indicative of Treatment Response and Immune-Related Adverse Events in Melanoma Patients under Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 15 ( 2021-07-27), p. 8017-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 15 ( 2021-07-27), p. 8017-
    Abstract: To identify potential early biomarkers of treatment response and immune-related adverse events (irAE), a pilot immune monitoring study was performed in stage IV melanoma patients by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Overall, 17 patients were treated with either nivolumab or pembrolizumab alone, or with a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab every three weeks. Of 15 patients for which complete response assessment was available, treatment responders (n = 10) as compared to non-responders (n = 5) were characterized by enhanced PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells immediately before treatment (median ± median absolute deviation/MAD 26.7 ± 10.4% vs. 17.2 ± 5.3%). Responders showed a higher T cell responsiveness after T cell receptor ex vivo stimulation as determined by measurement of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression on CD3+ T cells before the second cycle of treatment. The percentage of CD8+ effector memory (CD8+CD45RA−CD45RO+CCR7−) T cells was higher in responders compared to non-responders before and immediately after the first cycle of treatment (median ± MAD 39.2 ± 7.3% vs. 30.5 ± 4.1% and 37.7 ± 4.6 vs. 24.0 ± 6.4). Immune-related adverse events (irAE) were accompanied by a higher percentage of activated CD4+ (CD4+CD38+HLADR+) T cells before the second treatment cycle (median ± MAD 14.9 ± 3.9% vs. 5.3 ± 0.4%). In summary, PBMC immune monitoring of immune-checkpoint inhibition (ICI) treatment in melanoma appears to be a promising approach to identify early markers of treatment response and irAEs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158017
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Hypoxic-Inflammatory Responses under Acute Hypoxia: In Vitro Experiments and Prospective Observational Expedition Trial
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 3 ( 2020-02-04), p. 1034-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 3 ( 2020-02-04), p. 1034-
    Abstract: Induction of hypoxia-inducible-factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway and HIF-target genes allow adaptation to hypoxia and are associated with reduced incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Little is known about HIF-pathways in conjunction with inflammation or exercise stimuli under acute hypobaric hypoxia in non-acclimatized individuals. We therefore tested the hypotheses that (1) both hypoxic and inflammatory stimuli induce hypoxic-inflammatory signaling pathways in vitro, (2) similar results are seen in vivo under hypobaric hypoxia, and (3) induction of HIF-dependent genes is associated with AMS in 11 volunteers. In vitro, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated under hypoxic (10%/5% O2) or inflammatory (CD3/CD28) conditions. In vivo, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), C-X-C Chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), and C-C Chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR-2) mRNA expression, cytokines and receptors were analyzed under normoxia (520 m above sea level (a.s.l.)), hypobaric hypoxia (3883 m a.s.l.) before/after exercise, and after 24 h under hypobaric hypoxia. In vitro, isolated hypoxic (p = 0.004) or inflammatory (p = 0.006) stimuli induced IL-1β mRNA expression. CCR-2 mRNA expression increased under hypoxia (p = 0.005); CXCR-4 mRNA expression remained unchanged. In vivo, cytokines, receptors, and IL-1β, CCR-2 and CXCR-4 mRNA expression increased under hypobaric hypoxia after 24 h (all p ≤ 0.05). Of note, proinflammatory IL-1β and CXCR-4 mRNA expression changes were associated with symptoms of AMS. Thus, hypoxic-inflammatory pathways are differentially regulated, as combined hypoxic and exercise stimulus was stronger in vivo than isolated hypoxic or inflammatory stimulation in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031034
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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