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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determination of Gait Events and Temporal Gait Parameters for Persons with a Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthosis
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Sensors Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2024-02-01), p. 964-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2024-02-01), p. 964-
    Abstract: Gait event detection is essential for controlling an orthosis and assessing the patient’s gait. In this study, patients wearing an electromechanical (EM) knee–ankle–foot orthosis (KAFO) with a single IMU embedded in the thigh were subjected to gait event detection. The algorithm detected four essential gait events (initial contact (IC), toe off (TO), opposite initial contact (OIC), and opposite toe off (OTO)) and determined important temporal gait parameters such as stance/swing time, symmetry, and single/double limb support. These gait events were evaluated through gait experiments using four force plates on healthy adults and a hemiplegic patient who wore a one-way clutch KAFO and a pneumatic cylinder KAFO. Results showed that the smallest error in gait event detection was found at IC, and the largest error rate was observed at opposite toe off (OTO) with an error rate of −2.8 ± 1.5% in the patient group. Errors in OTO detection resulted in the largest error in determining the single limb support of the patient with an error of 5.0 ± 1.5%. The present study would be beneficial for the real-time continuous monitoring of gait events and temporal gait parameters for persons with an EM KAFO.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s24030964
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Evolution of the Tumor Microenvironment toward Immune-Suppressive Seclusion during Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer: Implications for Targeted Therapy
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Cancers Vol. 13, No. 19 ( 2021-09-29), p. 4895-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 19 ( 2021-09-29), p. 4895-
    Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common solid malignant tumor that metastasizes to the brain. Despite emerging therapies such as immunotherapy, whether the tumor microenvironment (TME) in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) has potential as a target of new treatments is unclear. Expression profiling of 770 genes in 12 pairs of primary BC and matched brain metastasis (BM) samples was performed using the NanoString nCounter PanCancer IO360TM Panel. Immune cell profiles were validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in samples from 50 patients with BCBM. Pathway analysis revealed that immune-related pathways were downregulated. Immune cell profiling showed that CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages were significantly decreased, and M2 macrophages were significantly increased, in BM compared to primary BC samples (p = 0.001, p = 0.021 and p = 0.007, respectively). CCL19 and CCL21, the top differentially expressed genes, were decreased significantly in BM compared to primary BC (p 〈 0.001, both). IHC showed that the CD8+ count was significantly lower (p = 0.027), and the CD163+ and CD206+ counts were higher, in BM than primary BC (p 〈 0.001, both). A low CD8+ T cell count, low CD86+ M1 macrophage count, and high M2/M1 macrophage ratio were related to unfavorable clinical outcomes. BC exhibits an immunosuppressive characteristic after metastasis to the brain. These findings will facilitate establishment of a treatment strategy for BCBM based on the TME of metastatic cancer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194895
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 3
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    Aquaculture Farming Effect on Benthic Respiration and Nutrient Flux in Semi-Enclosed Coastal Waters of Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-05-20), p. 554-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-05-20), p. 554-
    Abstract: Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) and benthic nutrient fluxes (BNFs) were measured using an in situ benthic chamber at a fish farm (FF), oyster farm (OF), and controls (FF-C and OF-C) to assess the impact of aquaculture activities on organic carbon (OC) and nutrients cycles in coastal waters of Korea. The SOD at FF and OF ranged from 60 ± 2 to 157 ± 3 mmol m−2 d−1 and from 77 ± 14 to 84 ± 16 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively, more than five times those of the control sites. The SOD at farm sites is highly correlated with fish stock and food input, suggesting that excess feed input is an important control factor for OC remineralization. The combined analysis of sediment trap and SOD indicates that most of the deposited OC oxidized in the sediment and/or was laterally transported by the current before being buried in the sediment. The benthic nutrient fluxes at farms ranged from 5.45 to 8.95 mmol N m−2 d−1 for nitrogen and from 0.51 to 1.67 mmol P m−2 d−1 for phosphate, respectively, accounting for 37–270% and 52–804% of the N and P required for primary production in the water column. These results indicate that aquaculture farming may profoundly impact biogeochemical cycles in coastal waters.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse9050554
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Update for Temporomandibular Disorders: An Evidence-Based Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Healthcare Vol. 11, No. 16 ( 2023-08-21), p. 2364-
    Details
    In: Healthcare, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 16 ( 2023-08-21), p. 2364-
    Abstract: Many updated clinical research results have been published since the Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines (KMCPGs) for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) were published in 2018. Therefore, it is necessary to update the existing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). This study presents updated recommendations for TMD treatment based on current research data published up to February 2020. The draft version of the level of evidence and grade of recommendation was determined through an assessment of the risk of bias and a meta-analysis of selected literature based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The final guidelines were derived using the Delphi method. Eighteen recommendations were derived for eight items of Korean medicine treatment for TMDs. Compared with previous Korean medicine CPGs for TMDs, the grades of seven recommendations, including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and Chuna manual therapy, were increased. The grades of the two recommendations have been changed. Six new recommendations were added to fully reflect clinical reality. Acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and Chuna manual therapy are recommended for TMD patients in clinical practice. Concurrent conventional conservative therapy with Korean medicine or a combination of Korean medicines should be considered in clinical practice in patients with temporomandibular disorders.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162364
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721009-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Trap Behavior on the Reliability Instability of Metamorphic Buffer in InAlAs/InGaAs MHEMT on GaAs
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 18 ( 2023-09-09), p. 6138-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 18 ( 2023-09-09), p. 6138-
    Abstract: Our investigation focused on assessing the influence of the metamorphic buffer in metamorphic high-electron-mobility transistors (MHEMT) that were grown on GaAs substrates. While an MHEMT exhibited elevated off-state current levels, its direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) traits were found to be comparable to those of InP-based lattice-matched high-electron-mobility transistors (LM-HEMTs). However, the Pulsed I–V measurement results confirmed the presence of the fast transient charging effect, leading to a more substantial degradation in drain current observed in MHEMT. In addition, through the low-frequency noise characteristics, it was confirmed that the dominant trapping location was located in the bulk site. The slope of the 1/f noise measurement indicated that the primary trapping site was in proximity to the bulk traps. The carrier-number-fluctuation (CNF) model was employed to extract the bulk trap density (Nt). For the LM-HEMTs, the value was at 3.27 × 1016 eV−1·cm−3, while for the MHEMT, it was 3.56 × 1017 eV−1·cm−3.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16186138
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 6
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    Post-Stroke Depression and Cognitive Aging: A Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-03-03), p. 389-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-03-03), p. 389-
    Abstract: Background: This study investigated the impact of post-stroke depression (PSD) on cognitive aging in elderly stroke patients. Methods: This study was an interim analysis of the Korean Stroke Cohort for Functioning and Rehabilitation. Among 10,636 patients with first-ever stroke, a total of 3215 patients with normal cognitive function three months post-stroke were included in the analysis. PSD was defined using the Korean Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (K-GDS-SF) at three months. Cognitive aging was defined as a decline in the Korean version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE) score to less than the second percentile. Results: The hazard ratio (HR) of PSD for cognitive decline was 2.16 (95% CI, 1.34–3.50, p 〈 0.01) in the older group (age ≥65 years), and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.50–2.07, n.s.) in the younger group (age 〈 65 years). When the older group was divided by sex, the HR was 2.50 (95% CI, 1.26–4.96, p 〈 0.01) in male patients and 1.80 (95% CI, 0.93–3.51, n.s.) in female patients. However, women showed a higher incidence of cognitive decline in both the PSD and no PSD groups. Among K-GDS-SF factors, “Negative judgment about the past, present, and future” increased the HR of PSD in older male patients. Conclusions: Early PSD increased the HR for cognitive decline in older stroke patients, mainly in males. Specifically, older male patients with negative thinking were at increased risk of cognitive decline. The findings also suggest that older women may be at risk for cognitive decline. Therefore, preventive interventions for cognitive decline should be tailored differently for men and women.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030389
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662248-8
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  • 7
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    Remission of Proteinuria May Protect against Progression to Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric-Onset IgA Nephropathy
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2020-06-30), p. 2058-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2020-06-30), p. 2058-
    Abstract: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common primary glomerulopathies diagnosed in children and adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features in and outcomes of pediatric IgAN over the last 30 years. Patients who were diagnosed before age of 18 at 20 centers in Korea were evaluated retrospectively. Of the 1154 patients (768 males, 386 females) with a median follow-up of 5 years, 5.6% (n = 65) progressed to stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). The 10- and 20-year CKD-free survival rates were 91.2% and 75.6%, respectively. Outcomes did not differ when comparing those in Korea who were diagnosed prior to versus after the year 2000. On multivariate analysis, combined asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria as presenting symptoms and decreased renal function at the time of biopsy were associated with progression to CKD, while remission of proteinuria was negatively associated with this outcome. Patients who presented with gross hematuria or nephrotic syndrome tended toward positive outcomes, especially if they ultimately achieved remission. While remission of proteinuria might imply that the disease is inherently less aggressive, it also can be achieved by management. Therefore, more aggressive management might be required for pediatric-onset IgAN.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072058
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Prediction and Validation of Landing Stability of a Lunar Lander by a Classification Map Based on Touchdown Landing Dynamics’ Simulation Considering Soft Ground
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Aerospace Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2021-12-06), p. 380-
    Details
    In: Aerospace, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2021-12-06), p. 380-
    Abstract: In this paper, a method for predicting the landing stability of a lunar lander by a classification map of the landing stability is proposed, considering the soft soil characteristics and the slope angle of the lunar surface. First, the landing stability condition in terms of the safe (=stable), sliding (=unstable), and tip-over (=statically unstable) possibilities was checked by dropping a lunar lander onto flat lunar surfaces through finite-element (FE) simulation according to the slope angle, friction coefficient, and soft/rigid ground, while the vertical touchdown velocity was maintained at 3 m/s. All of the simulation results were classified by a classification map with the aid of logistic regression, a machine-learning classification algorithm. Finally, the landing stability status was efficiently predicted by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation by just referring to the classification map for 10,000 input datasets, consisting of the friction coefficient, slope angles, and rigid/soft ground. To demonstrate the performance, two virtual lunar surfaces were employed based on a 3D terrain map of the LRO mission. Then, the landing stability was validated through landing simulation of an FE model of a lunar lander requiring high computation cost. The prediction results showed excellent agreement with those of landing simulations with a negligible computational cost of around a few seconds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2226-4310
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/aerospace8120380
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2756091-0
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  • 9
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    Soil Moisture–Vegetation–Carbon Flux Relationship under Agricultural Drought Condition using Optical Multispectral Sensor
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2020-04-25), p. 1359-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2020-04-25), p. 1359-
    Abstract: Agricultural drought is triggered by a depletion of moisture content in the soil, which hinders photosynthesis and thus increases carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between soil moisture (SM) and vegetation activity toward quantifying CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. To this end, the MODerate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), an optical multispectral sensor, was used to evaluate two regions in South Korea for validation. Vegetation activity was analyzed through MOD13A1 vegetation indices products, and MODIS gross primary productivity (GPP) product was used to calculate the CO2 flux based on its relationship with respiration. In the case of SM, it was calculated through the method of applying apparent thermal inertia (ATI) in combination with land surface temperature and albedo. To validate the SM and CO2 flux, flux tower data was used which are the observed measurement values for the extreme drought period of 2014 and 2015 in South Korea. These two variables were analyzed for temporal variation on flux tower data as daily time scale, and the relationship with vegetation index (VI) was synthesized and analyzed on a monthly scale. The highest correlation between SM and VI (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.82) was observed at a time lag of one month, and that between VI and CO2 (r = 0.81) at half month. This regional study suggests a potential capability of MODIS-based SM, VI, and CO2 flux, which can be applied to an assessment of the global view of the agricultural drought by using available satellite remote sensing products.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs12091359
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 10
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    Metabolic and Lipidomic Profiling of Vegetable Juices Fermented with Various Probiotics
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05-06), p. 725-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2020-05-06), p. 725-
    Abstract: Fermented vegetable juices have gained attention due to their various beneficial effects on human health. In this study, we employed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, direct infusion-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify useful metabolites, lipids, and carotenoids in vegetable juice (VJ) fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum HY7712, Lactobacillus plantarum HY7715, Lactobacillus helveticus HY7801, and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis HY8002. A total of 41 metabolites, 24 lipids, and 4 carotenoids were detected in the fermented and non-fermented VJ (control). The lycopene, α-carotene, and β-carotene levels were higher in VJ fermented with L. plantarum strains (HY7712 and HY7715) than in the control. Proline content was also elevated in VJ fermented with HY7715. Uracil, succinic acid, and α-carotene concentration was increased in VJ fermented with HY7801, while glycine and lycopene levels were raised in VJ fermented with HY8002. This study confirmed that each probiotic strain has distinctive characteristics and produces unique changes to metabolic profiles of VJ during fermentation. Our results suggest that probiotic-fermented VJ is a promising functional beverage that contains more beneficial metabolites and carotenoids than commercial non-fermented VJ.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom10050725
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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