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  • MDPI AG  (51)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public Willingness and Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination at the Initial Stage of Mass Vaccination in China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2021-10-13), p. 1172-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2021-10-13), p. 1172-
    Abstract: The present study assessed the willingness of the general population to receive COVID-19 vaccines and identified factors that influence vaccine hesitancy and resistance. A national online survey was conducted from 29 January 2021 to 26 April 2021 in China. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors that influence vaccine hesitancy and resistance. Of the 34,041 participants surveyed, 18,810 (55.3%) were willing to get vaccinated, 13,736 (40.3%) were hesitant, and 1495 (4.4%) were resistant. Rates of vaccine acceptance increased over time, with geographical discrepancies in vaccine hesitancy and resistance between provinces in China. Vaccine safety was the greatest concern expressed by most participants (24,461 [71.9%]), and the major reason for participants’ refusing vaccination (974 [65.2%] ). Government agencies (23,131 [68.0%]) and social media (20,967 [61.6%] ) were the main sources of COVID-19 vaccine information. Compared with vaccination acceptance, female, young and middle-aged, high income, and perceived low-risk of infection were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Histories of allergic reactions to other vaccines and depression symptoms were related to vaccine resistance. Common factors that influenced vaccine hesitancy and resistance were residing in cities and perceiving less protection with vaccines than with other protective measures. The results indicate that the rate of vaccine resistance is relatively low, but vaccine hesitancy is common. Individuals who are female, young and middle-aged, with a high income, and residing in cities are more likely to be hesitant for vaccination and should be the target populations for vaccination campaigns. Specific vaccine messaging from the government and social media could alleviate public concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101172
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Variation in Platycladus orientalis (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Forests Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-10-20), p. 1429-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-10-20), p. 1429-
    Abstract: The genetic efficiency of seed orchards is crucial for determining seed crops’ genetic gain and diversity. Platycladus orientalis is a conifer tree of important ecological value in China. Here, we assessed the reproductive output (fertility) variation for 166 clones in a first-generation P. orientalis seed orchard over five years and across three years for each gender (female: 2017, 2018, and 2020 and male: 2017, 2019, and 2021). Fertility variation and genetic diversity parameters were estimated for each gender-year combination. The reproductive output (fertility) variation differed among years, provinces, clones nested within provinces, and ramets within clones. We observed asymmetry in the gender reproductive output and parental imbalance and determined their profound effects on the genetic diversity of these seed crops. The maleness index revealed the existence of female-biased or male-biased clones. When seeds from multiple individuals and years were blended, we found an increase in the effective number of parents (Np) and in genetic diversity (GD), and a reduced fertility variation (Ψ) in the seed orchard. When we set the effective number of parents (Np) to 30, the GD of the seed orchard could be maintained at more than 95%. Thus, achieving genetic diversity balance in seed production can be accomplished through monitoring the fertility variation of orchards and through the utilization of the thereby generated information for the advanced generation of seed orchards.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f12111429
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Functional Analysis of the Soybean GmCDPK3 Gene Responding to Drought and Salt Stresses
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 20, No. 23 ( 2019-11-25), p. 5909-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 23 ( 2019-11-25), p. 5909-
    Abstract: Plants have a series of response mechanisms to adapt when they are subjected to external stress. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in plants function against a variety of abiotic stresses. We screened 17 CDPKs from drought- and salt-induced soybean transcriptome sequences. The phylogenetic tree divided CDPKs of rice, Arabidopsis and soybean into five groups (I–V). Cis-acting element analysis showed that the 17 CDPKs contained some elements associated with drought and salt stresses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the 17 CDPKs were responsive after different degrees of induction under drought and salt stresses. GmCDPK3 was selected as a further research target due to its high relative expression. The subcellular localization experiment showed that GmCDPK3 was located on the membrane of Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Overexpression of GmCDPK3 improved drought and salt resistance in Arabidopsis. In the soybean hairy roots experiment, the leaves of GmCDPK3 hairy roots with RNA interference (GmCDPK3-RNAi) soybean lines were more wilted than those of GmCDPK3 overexpression (GmCDPK3-OE) soybean lines after drought and salt stresses. The trypan blue staining experiment further confirmed that cell membrane damage of GmCDPK3-RNAi soybean leaves was more severe than in GmCDPK3-OE soybean lines. In addition, proline (Pro) and chlorophyll contents were increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased in GmCDPK3-OE soybean lines. On the contrary, GmCDPK3-RNAi soybean lines had decreased Pro and chlorophyll content and increased MDA. The results indicate that GmCDPK3 is essential in resisting drought and salt stresses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235909
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Impacts of Artificial Underground Reservoir on Groundwater Environment in the Reservoir and Downstream Area
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 16, No. 11 ( 2019-05-30), p. 1921-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 11 ( 2019-05-30), p. 1921-
    Abstract: Artificial underground reservoirs have changed the hydrological cycle from its natural condition. This modification may trigger a series of negative environmental effects both at the local and regional levels. This study investigated the impact of the Wanghe artificial underground reservoir on groundwater flow and quality in the reservoir and its downstream area. Wanghe is a typical artificial underground reservoir scheme in China, which assumes the dual function of fresh-water preservation and control of seawater intrusion. The groundwater flow pattern has changed after the reservoir construction, and the water level in the reservoir rose rapidly. Evaluation of long-term groundwater level fluctuation suggested that the reservoir deprived the downstream aquifer of the runoff, which it received under the natural flow regime. A preliminary isotopic evaluation using 3H was developed to understand the groundwater flow and renewal rates in the study area. The uniform distribution of tritium levels in the reservoir indicated that the stored water was well-mixed in both horizontal and vertical directions. The intervention on groundwater circulation also made differences in groundwater renewal rates between stored and downstream water. Field investigations on groundwater nitrogen pollution showed that the construction of the artificial underground reservoir resulted in nitrate accumulation in the stored water. Agriculturally derived nitrate was the largest contributor, and NO 3 − concentration varied considerably over time due to fertilization and irrigation activities, rainfall, and denitrification. NO 3 − -N distributed homogeneously in the reservoir, which was attributed to the construction of the subsurface dam, land use pattern and artificial groundwater flow.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111921
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Effect of Gut Bacteria on the Physiology of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and Their Potential for the Control of This Pest
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Insects Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2021-06-30), p. 594-
    Details
    In: Insects, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2021-06-30), p. 594-
    Abstract: Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a notorious pest, which infests palm trees and has caused great economic losses worldwide. At present, insecticide applications are still the main way to control this pest. However, pesticide resistance has been detected in the field populations of RPW. Thus, future management strategies based on the novel association biological control need be developed. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal tract of RPW is often colonized by multiple microbial species as mammals and model insects, and gut bacteria have been found to promote the growth, development and immune activity of RPW larvae by modulating nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), PGRP-LB and PGRP-S1, can act as the negative regulators to modulate the intestinal immunity to maintain the homeostasis of gut bacteria in RPW larvae. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the gut bacterial composition of RPW and their impact on the physiological traits of RPW larvae. In contrast with metazoans, it is much easier to make genetic engineered microbes to produce some active molecules against pests. From this perspective, because of the profound effects of gut bacteria on host phenotypes, it is promising to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind their effect on host physiology and facilitate the development of microbial resource-based management methods for pest control.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/insects12070594
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662247-6
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Performances of the Soil–Bentonite Cutoff Wall Composited with Geosynthetic Clay Liners: Large-Scale Model Tests and Numerical Simulations
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-01-18), p. 1886-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-01-18), p. 1886-
    Abstract: The geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) overlap plays a key role in maintaining hydraulic performance of the barrier systems, e.g., the bottom liner and cover systems. However, its influences on the behavior of the vertical barrier have been rarely investigated. This paper aims to address this issue using the large-scale model test and 3-dimensional finite element (FE) modeling. In the model test, the GCL overlap at the width of 500 mm was tested under a constant hydraulic head of 1 m and confining stress ranging from 10 to 150 kPa using a newly developed large-scale apparatus. Compared with the flexible wall permeameter, this apparatus could guarantee full field-scale GCL overlap to be tested. Results showed that the effective hydraulic conductivity of the GCL overlap decreased from 10−8 to 10−9 cm/s as the confining stress increased from 10 to 150 kPa. The addition of supplemental bentonite paste in between the overlap with a water-to-bentonite ratio of 19:1 contributed to reducing the effective hydraulic conductivity by 60% compared with that for a GCL overlap without bentonite paste. The breakthrough time for the soil-bentonite (SB) cutoff wall composited with GCLs was 64% longer in comparison with that for the single SB wall. Additionally, the breakthrough after 50 years is made for the entire depth of the single SB wall while at the depth no more than 0.9 m for the composite wall with bentonite paste at the GCL overlap. With consideration that the depth of the groundwater table is generally greater than 1 m, the GCL–SB composite cutoff wall will exhibit a good performance in containing groundwater contaminants in the field, especially when applying bentonite paste at the GCL overlap.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15031886
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 7
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    Temperature and Diet Acclimation Modify the Acute Thermal Performance of the Largest Extant Amphibian
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Animals Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2022-02-21), p. 531-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2022-02-21), p. 531-
    Abstract: The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), one of the largest extant amphibian species, has dramatically declined in the wild. As an ectotherm, it may be further threatened by climate change. Therefore, understanding the thermal physiology of this species should be the priority to formulate related conservation strategies. In this study, the plasticity in metabolic rate and thermal tolerance limits of A. davidianus larvae were studied. Specifically, the larvae were acclimated to three temperature levels (7 °C, cold stress; 15 °C, optimum; and 25 °C, heat stress) and two diet items (red worm or fish fray) for 20 days. Our results indicated that cold-acclimated larvae showed increased metabolic capacity, while warm-acclimated larvae showed a decrease in metabolic capacity. These results suggested the existence of thermal compensation. Moreover, the thermal tolerance windows of cold-acclimated and warm-acclimated larvae shifted to cooler and hotter ranges, respectively. Metabolic capacity is not affected by diet but fish-fed larvae showed superiority in both cold and heat tolerance, potentially due to the input of greater nutrient loads. Overall, our results suggested a plastic thermal tolerance of A. davidianus in response to temperature and diet variations. These results are meaningful in guiding the conservation of this species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani12040531
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 8
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    Characteristics and Causes of Ozone Pollution in 16 Cities of Yunnan Plateau
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2022-07-25), p. 1177-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2022-07-25), p. 1177-
    Abstract: In order to study the characteristics and causes of ozone (O3) pollution in 16 cities of Yunnan Plateau, the methods of COD, backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) were used to analyze the O3 concentrations from 2015 to 2020 of all state-controlled environmental monitoring stations in 16 cities of Yunnan. The results show that the O3 concentrations in Yunnan gradually increased from 2015 to 2019, and the concentration in 2020 was the lowest due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The peak O3 concentration appears in spring. The daily change trend is a typical single peak shape, the lowest value appears around 8: 00, and the highest value is between 15:00 and 16:00. High concentrations of O3 are from the cities of Zhaotong and Kunming in northeastern Yunnan, while low concentrations of O3 mainly occur in the southwest and northwest border areas. Temperature and relative humidity are two meteorological parameters that have significant effect on O3 concentration. Temperature has the best correlation with O3 in winter, and relative humidity has a better correlation with O3 in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Finally, source analysis of O3 showed that local ozone precursor emission sources and long-distance transmission from South and Southeast Asia constituted the major contributions of O3 in Yunnan.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081177
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    1-(2-Benzylaminophenyl)-2-phenylbenzimidazole
    MDPI AG ; 2000
    In:  Molecules Vol. 5, No. 12 ( 2000-07-10), p. M168-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 5, No. 12 ( 2000-07-10), p. M168-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/M168
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 10
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    Tighten the Bolts and Nuts on GPP Estimations from Sites to the Globe: An Assessment of Remote Sensing Based LUE Models and Supporting Data Fields
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-06), p. 168-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-06), p. 168-
    Abstract: Gross primary production (GPP) determines the amounts of carbon and energy that enter terrestrial ecosystems. However, the tremendous uncertainty of the GPP still hinders the reliability of GPP estimates and therefore understanding of the global carbon cycle. In this study, using observations from global eddy covariance (EC) flux towers, we appraised the performance of 24 widely used GPP models and the quality of major spatial data layers that drive the models. Results show that global GPP products generated by the 24 models varied greatly in means (from 92.7 to 178.9 Pg C yr−1) and trends (from −0.25 to 0.84 Pg C yr−1). Model structure differences (i.e., light use efficiency models, machine learning models, and process-based biophysical models) are an important aspect contributing to the large uncertainty. In addition, various biases in currently available spatial datasets have found (e.g., only 57% of the observed variation in photosynthetically active radiation at the flux tower locations was explained by the spatial dataset), which not only affect GPP simulation but more importantly hinder the simulation and understanding of the earth system. Moving forward, research into the efficacy of model structures and precision of input data may be more important for global GPP estimation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs13020168
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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