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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Input Use Efficiency Management for Paddy Production Systems in India: A Machine Learning Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2021-08-31), p. 837-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2021-08-31), p. 837-
    Abstract: This research illustrates the technical efficiency of the pan-India paddy cultivation status obtained through a stochastic frontier approach. The results suggest that the mean technical efficiency varies from 0.64 in Gujarat to 0.95 in Odisha. Inputs like human labor, mechanical labor, fertilizer, irrigation and insecticide were found to determine the yield in paddy cultivation across India (except for Chhattisgarh). Inefficiency in the paddy production in Punjab, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam, Gujarat and Odisha in 2016–2017 was caused by technical inefficiency due to poor input management, as suggested by the significant σ2U and σ2v values of the stochastic frontier model. In addition, most of the farm groups in the study operated in the high-efficiency group (80–90% technical efficiency). No specific pattern of input use can be visualized through descriptive measures to give any specific policy implication. Thus, machine learning algorithms based on the input parameters were tested on the data in order to predict the farmers’ efficiency class for individual states. The highest mean accuracy of 0.80 for the models of all of the states was achieved in random forest models. Among the various states of India, the best random forest prediction model based on accuracy was fitted to the input data of Bihar (0.91), followed by Uttar Pradesh (0.89), Andhra Pradesh (0.88), Assam (0.88) and West Bengal (0.86). Thus, the study provides a technique for the classification and prediction of a farmer’s efficiency group from the levels of input use in paddy cultivation for each state in the study. The study uses the DES input dataset to classify and predict the efficiency group of the farmer, as other machine learning models in agriculture have used mostly satellite, spectral imaging and soil property data to detect disease, weeds and crops.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11090837
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 2
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    Age Assessment through Root Lengths of Mandibular Second and Third Permanent Molars Using Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Imaging Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2023-02-01), p. 33-
    Details
    In: Journal of Imaging, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2023-02-01), p. 33-
    Abstract: The present study explores the efficacy of Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks in age assessment using the root length of the second and third molar teeth. A dataset of 1000 panoramic radiographs with intact second and third molars ranging from 12 to 25 years was archived. The length of the mesial and distal roots was measured using ImageJ software. The dataset was classified in three ways based on the age distribution: 2–Class, 3–Class, and 5–Class. We used Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Logistic Regression models to train, test, and analyze the root length measurements. The mesial root of the third molar on the right side was a good predictor of age. The SVM showed the highest accuracy of 86.4% for 2–class, 66% for 3–class, and 42.8% for 5–Class. The RF showed the highest accuracy of 47.6% for 5–Class. Overall the present study demonstrated that the Deep Learning model (fully connected model) performed better than the Machine Learning models, and the mesial root length of the right third molar was a good predictor of age. Additionally, a combination of different root lengths could be informative while building a Machine Learning model.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2313-433X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9020033
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2824270-1
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  • 3
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    Spring Season in Western Nepal Himalaya is not yet Warming: A 400-Year Temperature Reconstruction Based on Tree-Ring Widths of Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2020-01-24), p. 132-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2020-01-24), p. 132-
    Abstract: The Himalayan region has already witnessed profound climate changes detectable in the cryosphere and the hydrological cycle, already resulting in drastic socio-economic impacts. We developed a 619-yea-long tree-ring-width chronology from the central Nepal Himalaya, spanning the period 1399–2017 CE. However, due to low replication of the early part of the chronology, only the section after 1600 CE was used for climate reconstruction. Proxy climate relationships indicate that temperature conditions during spring (March–May) are the main forcing factor for tree growth of Tsuga dumosa at the study site. We developed a robust climate reconstruction model and reconstructed spring temperatures for the period 1600–2017 CE. Our reconstruction showed cooler conditions during 1658–1681 CE, 1705–1722 CE, 1753–1773 CE, 1796–1874 CE, 1900–1936 CE, and 1973 CE. Periods with comparably warmer conditions occurred in 1600–1625 CE, 1633–1657 CE, 1682–1704 CE, 1740–1752 CE, 1779–1795 CE, 1936–1945 CE, 1956–1972 CE, and at the beginning of the 21st century. Tropical volcanic eruptions showed only a sporadic impact on the reconstructed temperature. Also, no consistent temperature trend was evident since 1600 CE. Our temperature reconstruction showed positive teleconnections with March–May averaged gridded temperature data for far west Nepal and adjacent areas in Northwest India and on the Southwest Tibetan plateau. We found spectral periodicities of 2.75–4 and 40–65 years frequencies in our temperature reconstruction, indicating that past climate variability in central Nepal might have been influenced by large-scale climate modes, like the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020132
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
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    Aspects of Nanotechnology for COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Its Delivery Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Pharmaceutics Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 451-
    Details
    In: Pharmaceutics, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 451-
    Abstract: Coronavirus, a causative agent of the common cold to a much more complicated disease such as “severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV-2), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)”, is a member of the coronaviridae family and contains a positive-sense single-stranded RNA of 26–32 kilobase pairs. COVID-19 has shown very high mortality and morbidity and imparted a significantly impacted socioeconomic status. There are many variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have originated from the mutation of the genetic material of the original coronavirus. This has raised the demand for efficient treatment/therapy to manage newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 infections successfully. However, different types of vaccines have been developed and administered to patients but need more attention because COVID-19 is not under complete control. In this article, currently developed nanotechnology-based vaccines are explored, such as inactivated virus vaccines, mRNA-based vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, S-protein-based vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, etc. One of the important aspects of vaccines is their administration inside the host body wherein nanotechnology can play a very crucial role. Currently, more than 26 nanotechnology-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates are in various phases of clinical trials. Nanotechnology is one of the growing fields in drug discovery and drug delivery that can also be used for the tackling of coronavirus. Nanotechnology can be used in various ways to design and develop tools and strategies for detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic and vaccine development to protect against COVID-19. The design of instruments for speedy, precise, and sensitive diagnosis, the fabrication of potent sanitizers, the delivery of extracellular antigenic components or mRNA-based vaccines into human tissues, and the administration of antiretroviral medicines into the organism are nanotechnology-based strategies for COVID-19 management. Herein, we discuss the application of nanotechnology in COVID-19 vaccine development and the challenges and opportunities in this approach.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4923
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020451
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527217-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 5
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    Role and Application of Biocatalysts in Cancer Drug Discovery
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2023-01-21), p. 250-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2023-01-21), p. 250-
    Abstract: A biocatalyst is an enzyme that speeds up or slows down the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs and speeds up certain processes by 108 times. It is used as an anticancer agent because it targets drug activation inside the tumor microenvironment while limiting damage to healthy cells. Biocatalysts have been used for the synthesis of different heterocyclic compounds and is also used in the nano drug delivery systems. The use of nano-biocatalysts for tumor-targeted delivery not only aids in tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and mutagenesis, but also provides information on the expression and activity of many markers related to the microenvironment. Iosmapinol, moclobemide, cinepazide, lysine dioxygenase, epothilone, 1-homophenylalanine, and many more are only some of the anticancer medicines that have been synthesised using biocatalysts. In this review, we have highlighted the application of biocatalysts in cancer therapies as well as the use of biocatalysts in the synthesis of drugs and drug-delivery systems in the tumor microenvironment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal13020250
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 6
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    Value Addition Employing Waste Bio-Materials in Environmental Remedies and Food Sector
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Metabolites Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-05-01), p. 624-
    Details
    In: Metabolites, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-05-01), p. 624-
    Abstract: Overall, combating food waste necessitates a multifaceted approach that includes education, infrastructure, and policy change. By working together to implement these strategies, we can help reduce the negative impacts of food waste and create a more sustainable and equitable food system. The sustained supply of nutrient-rich agrifood commodities is seriously threatened by inefficiencies caused by agricultural losses, which must be addressed. As per the statistical data given by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations, nearly 33.33% of the food that is produced for utilization is wasted and frittered away on a global level, which can be estimated as a loss of 1.3 billion metric tons per annum, which includes 30% cereals, 20% dairy products 35% seafood and fish, 45% fruits and vegetables, and 20% of meat. This review summarizes the various types of waste originating from various segments of the food industry, such as fruits and vegetables, dairy, marine, and brewery, also focusing on their potential for developing commercially available value-added products such as bioplastics, bio-fertilizers, food additives, antioxidants, antibiotics, biochar, organic acids, and enzymes. The paramount highlights include food waste valorization, which is a sustainable yet profitable alternative to waste management, and harnessing Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence technology to minimize food waste. Detail of sustainability and feasibility of food waste-derived metabolic chemical compounds, along with the market outlook and recycling of food wastes, have been elucidated in this review.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-1989
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050624
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662251-8
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  • 7
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    Metabolite Profiling of Alangium salviifolium Bark Using Advanced LC/MS and GC/Q-TOFTechnology
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cells Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-12-22), p. 1-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-12-22), p. 1-
    Abstract: There is an urge for traditional herbal remedies as an alternative to modern medicine in treating several ailments. Alangium salviifolium is one such plant, used traditionally to treat several diseases. In several reports, there are findings related to the use of this plant extract that demonstrate its therapeutic value. However, very few attempts have been made to identify the extensive metabolite composition of this plant. Here, we performed metabolite profiling and identification from the bark of A. salviifolium by extracting the sample in organic and aqueous solvents. The organic and aqueous extracts were fraction-collected using the Agilent 1260 Analytical Scale Fraction Collection System. Each of the fractions was analyzed on Liquid Chromatogaphy/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight LC/Q-TOF and Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight GC/instruments. The Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) analyses were performed using Hydrophilic Ineraction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC), as well as reversed-phase chromatography using three separate, orthogonal reverse phase columns. Samples were analyzed using an Agilent Jet Stream (AJS) source in both positive and negative ionization modes. The compounds found were flavonoids, fatty acids, sugars, and terpenes. Eighty-one secondary metabolites were identified as having therapeutic potential. The data produced was against the METLIN database using accurate mass and/or MS/MS library matching. Compounds from Alangium that could not be identified by database or library matching were subsequently searched against the ChemSpider) database of over 30 million structures using MSMS data and Agilent MSC software.In order to identify compounds generated by GC/MS, the data were searched against the AgilentFiehn GCMS Metabolomics Library as well as the Wiley/NIST libraries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells10010001
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 8
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    Revealing the Genetic Architecture of Yield-Related and Quality Traits in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.] Using Meta-QTL Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-09), p. 2442-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-09), p. 2442-
    Abstract: A meta-QTL analysis was conducted in Indian mustard to identify robust and stable meta-QTLs (MQTLs) by utilizing 1504 available QTLs, which included 891 QTLs for yield-related traits and 613 QTLs for quality traits. For yield-related traits, a total of 57 MQTLs (YRTs_MQTLs) were uncovered from the clustering of 560 projected QTLs, which had a 4.18-fold smaller confidence interval (CI) than that of the initial QTLs, whereas, for quality traits, as many as 51 MQTLs (Quality_MQTLs) were derived from 324 projected QTLs, which had a 2.65-fold smaller CI than that of the initial QTLs. Sixteen YRTs_MQTLs were observed to share chromosomal positions with 16 Quality_MQTLs. Moreover, four most promising YRTs_MQTLs and eight Quality-MQTLs were also selected and recommended for use in breeding programs. Four of these selected MQTLs were also validated with significant SNPs that were identified in previously published genome-wide association studies. Further, in silico functional analysis of some promising MQTLs allowed the detection of as many as 1435 genes, which also involved 15 high-confidence candidate genes (CGs) for yield-related traits and 46 high-confidence CGs for quality traits. After validation, the identified CGs can also be exploited to model the plant architecture and to improve quality traits through marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing approaches.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12102442
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 Regulates Prostate Cancer Growth under Hypoxia
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Cancers Vol. 13, No. 24 ( 2021-12-15), p. 6302-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 24 ( 2021-12-15), p. 6302-
    Abstract: Hypoxia and hypoxia-related biomarkers are the major determinants of prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness. Therefore, a better understanding of molecular players involved in PCa cell survival under hypoxia could offer novel therapeutic targets. We previously reported a central role of mitochondrial protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1A) in PCa progression, but its role in regulating PCa survival under hypoxia remains unknown. Here, we employed PCa cells (22Rv1 and MDA-PCa-2b) with knockdown or overexpression of CPT1A and assessed their survival under hypoxia, both in cell culture and in vivo models. The results showed that CPT1A knockdown in PCa cells significantly reduced their viability, clonogenicity, and sphere formation under hypoxia, while its overexpression increased their proliferation, clonogenicity, and sphere formation. In nude mice, 22Rv1 xenografts with CPT1A knockdown grew significantly slower compared to vector control cells (~59% reduction in tumor volume at day 29). On the contrary, CPT1A-overexpressing 22Rv1 xenografts showed higher tumor growth compared to vector control cells (~58% higher tumor volume at day 40). Pathological analyses revealed lesser necrotic areas in CPT1A knockdown tumors and higher necrotic areas in CPT1A overexpressing tumors. Immunofluorescence analysis of tumors showed that CPT1A knockdown strongly compromised the hypoxic areas (pimonidazole+), while CPT1A overexpression resulted in more hypoxia areas with strong expression of proliferation biomarkers (Ki67 and cyclin D1). Finally, IHC analysis of tumors revealed a significant decrease in VEGF or VEGF-D expression but without significant changes in biomarkers associated with microvessel density. These results suggest that CPT1A regulates PCa survival in hypoxic conditions and might contribute to their aggressiveness.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246302
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 10
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    Botanicals and Oral Stem Cell Mediated Regeneration: A Paradigm Shift from Artificial to Biological Replacement
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 18 ( 2022-09-07), p. 2792-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 18 ( 2022-09-07), p. 2792-
    Abstract: Stem cells are a well-known autologous pluripotent cell source, having excellent potential to develop into specialized cells, such as brain, skin, and bone marrow cells. The oral cavity is reported to be a rich source of multiple types of oral stem cells, including the dental pulp, mucosal soft tissues, periodontal ligament, and apical papilla. Oral stem cells were useful for both the regeneration of soft tissue components in the dental pulp and mineralized structure regeneration, such as bone or dentin, and can be a viable substitute for traditionally used bone marrow stem cells. In recent years, several studies have reported that plant extracts or compounds promoted the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of different oral stem cells. This review is carried out by following the PRISMA guidelines and focusing mainly on the effects of bioactive compounds on oral stem cell-mediated dental, bone, and neural regeneration. It is observed that in recent years studies were mainly focused on the utilization of oral stem cell-mediated regeneration of bone or dental mesenchymal cells, however, the utility of bioactive compounds on oral stem cell-mediated regeneration requires additional assessment beyond in vitro and in vivo studies, and requires more randomized clinical trials and case studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11182792
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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