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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Strain-Specific Identification and In Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Heat-Killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Foods Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-07), p. 3034-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-07), p. 3034-
    Abstract: We previously reported that the immunostimulatory activity of heat-killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706 in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice. However, identification of heat-killed L. sakei K040706 (heat-killed LS06) using a validated method is not yet reported. Further, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its immunostimulatory effects in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice remain unknown. In this study, we developed strain-specific genetic markers to detect heat-killed L. sakei LS06. The lower detection limit of the validated primer set was 2.1 × 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL for the heat-killed LS06 assay. Moreover, oral administration of heat-killed LS06 (108 or 109 CFU/day, p.o.) effectively improved the body loss, thymus index, natural killer cell activity, granzyme B production, and T and B cell proliferation in CTX-treated mice. In addition, heat-killed LS06 enhanced CTX-reduced immune-related cytokine (interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12) production and mRNA expression. Heat-killed LS06 also recovered CTX-altered microbiota composition, including the phylum levels of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and the family levels of Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Gracilibacteraceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae. In conclusion, since heat-killed L. sakei K040706 ameliorated CTX-induced immunosuppression and modulated gut microbiota composition, they have the potential to be used in functional foods for immune regulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods10123034
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 2
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    Study on the Root Causes and Prevention of Coating Cracks in the Cargo Hold of a Product Carrier
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Metals Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-09), p. 1688-
    Details
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-09), p. 1688-
    Abstract: Recently, shipyards have been booming in the product carrier (PC) market of the global shipbuilding industry. Due to the rising market conditions, orders for large container vessels and PCs are also steadily increasing. According to the industry, freight rates for LR tankers (70K) and MR tankers (50K) in the shipbuilding industry have rose to the highest level during the previous year. In order to secure the competitiveness of PCs, various core items are required, and Korean shipbuilders have been leading the market for a long time based on their knowledge of the design and production of low-fuel ships. In recent years, there have been frequent cases of coating cracks in the cargo hold after sea trial. All relevant rules presented by the classification so far are structural design, safety evaluation, and inspection standards, and coating cracks are considered a problem for coating makers. In other words, they must establish a standard coating measure agreed upon by all parties (owner, shipbuilder, and coating maker); therefore, solutions have been proposed by each shipping company. In this study, the causes of coating cracks occurring in the cargo hold of PCs during tank tests in sea trials were analyzed and measures to prevent them were studied. The main point of this study is assumed that coating crack are caused by mechanical load induced by structural behavior, and the numerical analysis methodology is newly introduced. Based on the results of the numerical analysis, it was confirmed that there is a high probability of coating cracks in the critical area where high stress occurs in the cargo hold. Therefore, the results obtained in this study will be useful to prevent coating cracks in future PC designs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/met12101688
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 3
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    Acupuncture Alleviates Anxiety and 22-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats Subjected to Repeated Alcohol Administration by Modulating the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Signaling Pathway
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 8 ( 2021-04-14), p. 4037-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 8 ( 2021-04-14), p. 4037-
    Abstract: The Shenmen point (acupuncture point heart 7: HT7), located in the heart meridian, is frequently used to treat mental disorders, including drug addiction, anxiety, and depression. This study aimed to determine how HT7 regulates anxiety and negative emotions caused by repeated alcohol administration, focusing on the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Repeated administration of alcohol (ETOH; 2 g/kg, i.p. injection, 16% v/v) for 14 days increased the corticosterone (CORT) levels, and HT7 stimulation reduced the plasma CORT levels. HT7 stimulation mitigated anxiety-like behaviors and reduced 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats receiving repeated ETOH injections. HT7 stimulation increased the amygdala expression of mature brain-derived neurotropic factor (mBDNF) and phosphorylated tropomyosin receptor kinase B (pTrkB) and decreased the PVN corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression. Amygdala microinjections of the TrkB antagonist ANA-12 (0.1 pmol/1 μL) reversed the increase in PVN CRH levels. The reduced PVN CRH levels were regulated by CRH-expressing neurons in the amygdala, and the increased amygdala CRH levels were affected by the HT7-stimulation induced increases in mBDNF. HT7 stimulation alleviates increased stress hormone levels and mitigates anxiety and negative emotions caused by repeated ETOH administration. These results provide scientific support for the clinical use of acupuncture to treat various alcoholism-induced diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084037
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
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    Greater Efficacy of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng against Lethal Influenza A Virus Infection
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2019-08-13), p. 1879-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2019-08-13), p. 1879-
    Abstract: Black ginseng (BG, CJ EnerG), prepared via nine repeated cycles of steaming and drying of fresh ginseng, contains more accessible acid polysaccharides and smaller and less polar ginsenosides than red ginseng (RG) processed only once. Because RG exhibits the ability to increase host protection against viral respiratory infections, we investigated the antiviral effects of BG. Mice were orally administered either BG or RG extract at 10 mg/kg bw daily for two weeks. Mice were then infected with a A(H1N1) pdm09 (A/California/04/2009) virus and fed extracts for an additional week. Untreated, infected mice were assigned to either the negative control, without treatments, or the positive control, treated with Tamiflu. Infected mice were monitored for 14 days to determine the survival rate. Lung tissues were evaluated for virus titer and by histological analyses. Cytokine levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mice treated with BG displayed a 100% survival rate against infection, while mice treated with RG had a 50% survival rate. Further, mice treated with BG had fewer accumulated inflammatory cells in bronchioles following viral infection than did mice treated with RG. BG also enhanced the levels of GM-CSF and IL-10 during the early and late stages of infection, respectively, compared to RG. Thus, BG may be useful as an alternative antiviral adjuvant to modulate immune responses to influenza A virus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu11081879
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lg = 50 nm Gate-All-Around In0.53Ga0.47As Nanosheet MOSFETs with Regrown In0.53Ga0.47As Contacts
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Electronics Vol. 11, No. 17 ( 2022-08-31), p. 2744-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 17 ( 2022-08-31), p. 2744-
    Abstract: In this paper, we report the fabrication and characterization of Lg = 50 nm Gate-All-Around (GAA) In0.53Ga0.47As nanosheet (NS) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with sub-20 nm nanosheet thickness that were fabricated through an S/D regrowth process. The fabricated GAA In0.53Ga0.47As NS MOSFETs feature a bi-layer high-k dielectric layer of Al2O3/HfO2, together with an ALD-grown TiN metal-gate in a cross-coupled manner. The device with Lg = 50 nm, WNS = 200 nm and tNS = 10 nm exhibited an excellent combination of subthreshold-swing behavior (S 〈 80 mV/dec.) and carrier transport properties (gm_max = 1.86 mS/μm and ION = 0.4 mA/μm) at VDS = 0.5 V. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of InxGa1-xAs GAA NS MOSFETs that would be directly applicable for their use in future multi-bridged channel (MBC) devices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics11172744
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Inhibition of Spinal TRPV1 Reduces NMDA Receptor 2B Phosphorylation and Produces Anti-Nociceptive Effects in Mice with Inflammatory Pain
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 20 ( 2021-10-16), p. 11177-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 20 ( 2021-10-16), p. 11177-
    Abstract: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) has been implicated in peripheral inflammation and is a mediator of the inflammatory response to various noxious stimuli. However, the interaction between TRPV1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the regulation of inflammatory pain remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of intrathecal administration of capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, on carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in mice and to identify its interactions with NMDA receptors. Inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of 2% carrageenan in male ICR mice. To investigate the analgesic effects of capsazepine, pain-related behaviors were evaluated using von Frey filaments and a thermal stimulator placed on the hind paw. TRPV1 expression and NMDA receptor phosphorylation in the spinal cord and glutamate concentration in the spinal cord and serum were measured. Intrathecal treatment with capsazepine significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, carrageenan-enhanced glutamate and phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit 2B in the spinal cord were suppressed by capsazepine administration. These results indicate that TRPV1 and NMDA receptors in the spinal cord are associated with inflammatory pain transmission, and inhibition of TRPV1 may reduce inflammatory pain via NMDA receptors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011177
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 7
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    Plasma Lipidomics Reveals Insights into Anti-Obesity Effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Leaves and Its Constituent Luteolin in High-Fat Diet-Induced Dyslipidemic Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2020-09-29), p. 2973-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2020-09-29), p. 2973-
    Abstract: The Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CM) is widely used as a traditional medicine and herbal tea by the Asian population for its health benefits related to obesity. However, compared to the flowers of CM, detailed mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of its leaves on obesity and dyslipidemia have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, to investigate the lipidomic biomarkers responsible for the pharmacological effects of CM leaf extract (CLE) in plasma of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), the plasma of mice fed a normal diet (ND), HFD, HFD plus CLE 1.5% diet, and HFD plus luteolin 0.003% diet (LU) for 16 weeks were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with multivariate analysis. In our analysis, the ND, HFD, CLE, and LU groups were clearly differentiated by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots. The major metabolites contributing to this differentiation were cholesteryl esters (CEs), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), ceramides (CERs), and sphingomyelins (SMs). The levels of plasma CEs, LPCs, PCs, SMs, and CERs were significantly increased in the HFD group compared to those in the ND group, and levels of these lipids recovered to normal after administration of CLE or LU. Furthermore, changes in hepatic mRNA expression levels involved in the Kennedy pathway and sphingolipid biosynthesis were also suppressed by treatment with CLE or LU. In conclusion, this study examined the beneficial effects of CLE and LU on obesity and dyslipidemia, which were demonstrated as reduced synthesis of lipotoxic intermediates. These results may provide valuable insights towards evaluating the therapeutic effects of CLE and LU and understanding obesity-related diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu12102973
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Adhesion Improvement of Solvent-Free Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives by Semi-IPN Using Polyurethanes and Acrylic Polymers
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 14, No. 19 ( 2022-09-22), p. 3963-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 19 ( 2022-09-22), p. 3963-
    Abstract: To improve the peel strength and holding time of polypropylene glycol (PPG)-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) was prepared using acrylic polymers. In addition, to prevent air pollution due to volatile organic compound emissions and avoid the degradation of physical properties due to a residual solvent, the PPG-based semi-IPN PSAs were fabricated by an eco-friendly solvent-free method using an acrylic monomer instead of an organic solvent. PPG-based semi-IPN PSAs with different hard segment contents (2.9–17.2%) were synthesized; their holding time was found to depend on the hard segment contents. The peel strength was improved because of the formation of the semi-IPN structure. Moreover, the high degree of hard domain formation in the semi-IPN PSA, derived from the increase in the hard segment content using a chain extender, resulted in a holding time improvement. We believe that the as-prepared PSAs can be used in various applications that require high creep resistance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym14193963
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 9
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    Nitrogen-Doped and Carbon-Coated Activated Carbon as a Conductivity Additive-Free Electrode for Supercapacitors
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2021-11-15), p. 7629-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2021-11-15), p. 7629-
    Abstract: The development of supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitance and high-rate performance has been an important research topic. Activated carbon (AC), which is a widely used material for supercapacitor electrodes, has different surface structures, porosities, and electrochemical properties. However, the low conductivity of the electrode material is a major problem for the efficient use of AC in supercapacitors. To tackle this challenge, we prepared conductive, additive-free electrodes for supercapacitors by a simple one-pot treatment of AC with melamine (nitrogen source), pitch, and sucrose (both carbon source). Nitrogen-doped and carbon-coated AC was successfully generated after high-temperature heat treatment. The AC was doped with approximately 0.5 at.% nitrogen, and coated with carbon leading to a decreased oxygen content. Thin carbon layers (~10 nm) were coated onto the outer surface of the AC, as shown in TEM images. The modification of the AC surface with a sucrose source is favorable, as it increases the electrical conductivity of AC up to 3.0 S cm−1, which is 4.3 times higher than in unmodified AC. The electrochemical performance of the modified AC was evaluated by conducting agent-free electrode. Although the obtained samples had slightly reduced surface areas after the surface modification, they maintained a high specific surface area of 1700 m2 g−1. The supercapacitor delivered a specific capacitance of 70.4 F cc−1 at 1 mA cm−1 and achieved 89.8% capacitance retention even at a high current density of 50 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the supercapacitor delivered a high energy density of 24.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 4650 W kg−1. This approach can be extended for a new strategy for conductivity additive-free electrodes in, e.g., supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14227629
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 10
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    Identification of Salivary Microorganisms and Metabolites Associated with Halitosis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Metabolites Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-07), p. 362-
    Details
    In: Metabolites, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-07), p. 362-
    Abstract: Halitosis is mainly caused by the action of oral microbes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in salivary microbes and metabolites between subjects with and without halitosis. Of the 52 participants, 22 were classified into the halitosis group by the volatile sulfur compound analysis on breath samples. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolomics approaches were used to investigate the difference in microbes and metabolites in saliva of the control and halitosis groups. The profiles of microbiota and metabolites were relatively different between the halitosis and control groups. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Alloprevotella, and Megasphaera were significantly higher in the halitosis group. In contrast, the relative abundances of Streptococcus, Rothia, and Haemophilus were considerably higher in the control group. The levels of 5-aminovaleric acid and n-acetylornithine were significantly higher in the halitosis group. The correlation between identified metabolites and microbiota reveals that Alloprevotella and Prevotella might be related to the cadaverine and putrescine pathways that cause halitosis. This study could provide insight into the mechanisms of halitosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-1989
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060362
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662251-8
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