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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fungi Present in the Organic and Mineral Layers of Six Broad-Leaved Tree Plantations as Assessed by the Plate Dilution Method
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Diversity Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-21), p. 8-
    Details
    In: Diversity, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-21), p. 8-
    Abstract: This study examined the distribution of culturable fungi and predominant genera in the organic layer and in the upper layers of the mineral soil of six broad-leaved tree plantations in autumn, after the full fall of leaves. In total, 1335 fungal isolates were recovered from an organic layer and two mineral layers (0–4 cm and 5–8 cm) of soil. The structure of fungal genera differed in the tree plantations and in the three studied soil layers. The organic layer was the layer most populated by fungi compared to the mineral layers. In the organic layer, Penicillium and phyllosphere fungi such as Cladosporium and Phoma dominated. Deeper in the soil, the dominance of certain genera decreased with the increase in Trichoderma, Mucor, Mortierella, and entomopathogenic fungi such as Paecilomyces and Beauveria. Penicillium was one of the most abundant fungi in all soil layers studied.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-2818
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/d15010008
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518137-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) Waste Biomass after Harvesting as a Source of Valuable Biologically Active Compounds with Nutraceutical and Antibacterial Potential
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Plants Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 642-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 642-
    Abstract: For sustainable sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berry production, the task at hand is to find an application for the large amount of biomass waste arising at harvesting. Sea buckthorn (SBT) vegetation is currently poorly studied. The purpose of this research was to assess the composition and potential of SBT twigs as a source of valuable biologically active substances. Water and 50% EtOH extracts of twigs of three Latvian SBT cultivars with a high berry yield and quality, popular for cultivation in many countries (H. rhamnoides ‘Maria Bruvele’, ‘Tatiana’, ‘Botanicheskaya Lubitelskaya’), were investigated for the first time. The phytochemical composition (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis) and biological activity of the obtained hydrophilic extracts were determined. The highest yield of polyphenolic compounds and serotonin was observed for ‘Maria Bruvele’. Hydrophilic extracts were investigated for radical scavenging activity (DPPH˙ test), antibacterial/antifungal activity against five pathogenic bacteria/yeast, cytotoxicity, and the enzymatic activity of alpha-amylase (via in vitro testing), which is extremely important for the treatment of people with underweight, wasting, and malabsorption. The results showed a high potential of sea buckthorn biomass as a source of valuable biologically active compounds for the creation of preparations for the food industry, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants11050642
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Growth Conditions on the Viability of Trichoderma asperellum during Storage
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-21), p. 1084-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-21), p. 1084-
    Abstract: As excellent biocontrol agents and plant growth promoters, Trichoderma species are agriculturally important. Trichoderma spp. cultures can be produced using solid-state or submerged cultivation, the latter being much less labor intensive and easier to control and automate. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability to increase the shelf-life of T. asperellum cells by optimizing cultivation media and upscaling the submerged cultivation process. Four different cultivation media were used with or without the addition of Tween 80 and stored with or without incorporation into peat, and viability, expressed as CFU/g, was assessed during one year of storage in an industrial warehouse. The addition of Tween 80 had a positive effect on the biomass yield. The culture medium played a major role in the ability of the mycelium to produce spores, which in turn influenced the amount of CFU. This effect was less pronounced when the biomass was mixed with peat prior to storage. A procedure that increases the number of CFU in a peat-based product formulation is recommended, namely, incubation of the mixture at 30 °C for 10 days prior to storage at 15 °C over an extended period of time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041084
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Epiphytic and Endophytic Fungi Colonizing Seeds of Two Poaceae Weed Species and Fusarium spp. Seed Degradation Potential In Vitro
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2023-01-11), p. 184-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2023-01-11), p. 184-
    Abstract: Fungi colonizing the surface and endosphere of two widespread Poaceae weed species, Avena fatua and Echinochloa crus-galli, were isolated to compare the taxonomic composition between the plant species, location, and year of the seed collection. The seed-degrading potential of Fusarium isolated from the seeds was tested by inoculating seeds of E. crus-galli with spore suspension. Molecular identification of epiphytic and endophytic fungal genera was performed by sequencing the ITS region of rDNA. Endophytes comprised of significantly lower fungal richness compared to epiphytes. A significant taxonomic overlap was observed between the endosphere and seed surface. The most abundant genera were Alternaria, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Sarocladium. Analysis of similarities and hierarchical clustering showed that microbial communities were more dissimilar between the two plant species than between the years. Fusarium isolates with a high potential to infect and degrade E. crus-galli seeds in laboratory conditions belong to F. sporotrichioides and F. culmorum.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010184
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring the Potential of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Matricaria chamomilla White Ray Florets as a Source of Bioactive (Cosmetic) Ingredients
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2023-05-12), p. 1092-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2023-05-12), p. 1092-
    Abstract: Aromatic and medicinal plants are a great source of useful bioactive compounds for use in cosmetics, drugs, and dietary supplements. This study investigated the potential of using supercritical fluid extracts obtained from Matricaria chamomilla white ray florets, a kind of industrial herbal byproduct, as a source of bioactive cosmetic ingredients. Response surface methodology to optimize the supercritical fluid extraction process by analyzing the impact of pressure and temperature on yield and the main bioactive compound groups were used. High-throughput 96-well plate spectrophotometric methods were used to analyze the extracts for total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and sugars, as well as their antioxidant capacity. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to determine the phytochemical composition of the extracts. The extracts were also analyzed for antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, phototoxicity, and melanin content. Statistical analysis was performed to establish correlations between the extracts and develop models to predict the targeted phytochemical recovery and chemical and biological activities. The results show that the extracts contained a diverse range of phytochemical classes and had cytotoxic, proliferation-reducing, and antimicrobial activities, making them potentially useful in cosmetic formulations. This study provides valuable insights for further research on the uses and mechanisms of action of these extracts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051092
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Application of a Posttreatment to Improve the Viability and Antifungal Activity of Trichoderma asperellum Biomass Obtained in a Bioreactor during Submerged Cultivation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biology Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-11-03), p. 1610-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-11-03), p. 1610-
    Abstract: T. asperellum MSCL 309 was used in the study. T. asperellum was grown in the stirred bioreactor under submerged cultivation. The resulting biomass was filtered to obtain a thick biomass. The viability and antifungal activity of T. asperellum biomass samples were determined simultaneously by studying the colonization of the malt extract agar medium surface and its competitiveness with the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum using in vitro dual culture experiments. Treatment with starch, alone or in combination with copper (II) sulphate and/or hydrochloric acid did not significantly affect fungal viability compared to control. An important factor in maintaining viability was the addition of hydrochloric acid, which significantly increased the storage life of biomass. In all post-treatments, F. graminearum was overgrown with T. asperellum in seven days, and accordingly, the larger the area occupied by T. asperellum, the smaller the area of F. graminearum colonization. Viability and antifungal activity of T. asperellum persisted throughout the experiment, at least for eight weeks. All the post-treatment methods we studied improved the viability and antifungal activity of Trichoderma, at least in terms of the area of the colonized surface. For the development of long-term viable and active T. asperellum preparations, we recommend the use of acidification of T. asperellum biomass obtained by submerged fermentation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology11111610
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Valorization of Bioactive Compounds from By-Products of Matricaria recutita White Ray Florets
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Plants Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2023-01-14), p. 396-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2023-01-14), p. 396-
    Abstract: In this research, we have reported the valorization possibilities of Matricaria recutita white ray florets using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 35–55 °C and separation pressures of 5–9 MPa to evaluate their impact on the chemical composition and biological activity of the extracts. The total obtained extraction yields varied from 9.76 to 18.21 g 100 g−1 DW input. The greatest extraction yield obtained was at 9 MPa separation pressure and 55 °C in the separation tank. In all obtained extracts, the contents of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and sugars were determined. The influence of the supercritical CO2 extraction conditions on the extract antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the quenching activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The chemical composition of the extracts was identified using both gas and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods, whereas analyses of major and minor elements as well as heavy metals by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer were provided. Moreover, extracts were compared with respect to their antimicrobial activity, as well as the cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of the extracts. The results revealed a considerable diversity in the phytochemical classes among all extracts investigated in the present study and showed that the Matricaria recutita white ray floret by-product possesses cytotoxic and proliferation-reducing activity in immortalized cell lines, as well as antimicrobial activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper presenting such comprehensive data on the chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and biological properties of SFE derived from Matricaria recutita white ray florets. For the first time, these effects have been studied in processing by-products, and the results generated in this study provide valuable preconditions for further studies in specific test systems to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and potential applications, such as potential use in cosmetic formulations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants12020396
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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