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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Immunobiology, Advances in Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies Addressing Vaccine Failures—An Indian Perspective
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2019-08-16), p. 90-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2019-08-16), p. 90-
    Abstract: A mass vaccination campaign in India seeks to control and eventually eradicate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Biosanitary measures along with FMD monitoring are being conducted along with vaccination. The implementation of the FMD control program has drastically reduced the incidence of FMD. However, cases are still reported, even in regions where vaccination is carried out regularly. Control of FMD outbreaks is difficult when the virus remains in circulation in the vaccinated population. Various FMD risk factors have been identified that are responsible for FMD in vaccinated areas. The factors are discussed along with strategies to address these challenges. The current chemically inactivated trivalent vaccine formulation containing strains of serotype O, A, and Asia 1 has limitations including thermolability and induction of only short-term immunity. Advantages and disadvantages of several new-generation alternate vaccine formulations are discussed. It is unfeasible to study every incidence of FMD in vaccinated animals/areas in such a big country as India with its huge livestock population. However, at the same time, it is absolutely necessary to identify the precise reason for vaccination failure. Failure to vaccinate is one reason for the occurrence of FMD in vaccinated areas. FMD epidemiology, emerging and re-emerging virus strains, and serological status over the past 10 years are discussed to understand the impact of vaccination and incidences of vaccination failure in India. Other factors that are important in vaccination failure that we discuss include disrupted herd immunity, health status of animals, FMD carrier status, and FMD prevalence in other species. Recommendations to boost the search of alternate vaccine formulation, strengthen the veterinary infrastructure, bolster the real-time monitoring of FMD, as well as a detailed investigation and documentation of every case of vaccination failure are provided with the goal of refining the control program.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030090
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analyses of HoBi-like Pestiviruses Reveal Insights into Their Origin and Evolutionary History
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-03-11), p. 733-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-03-11), p. 733-
    Abstract: HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV), classified under Pestivirus H species, is an emerging cattle pathogen of high economic impact. However, the origin and evolution of HoBiPeV are not very clear due to a lack of full genomic sequences from diverse clades. This study aimed to determine full-genome sequences of HoBiPeV strains of three novel clades (c, d and e) and perform full-genome-based genetic and evolutionary analyses. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses herein confirmed the existence and independent evolution of four main HoBiPeV clades (a, c, d and e) globally, with genetic divergence ranging from 13.0% to 18.2%. Our Bayesian molecular clock estimates revealed that HoBiPeV most likely originated in India, with a dated tMRCA of 1938 (1762–2000), evidencing a more recent origin of HoBiPeV. The evolution rate of HoBiPeV was estimated to be 2.133 × 10−3 subs/site/year at full-genome level but varied widely among individual genes. Selection pressure analyses identified most of the positively selected sites in E2. Additionally, 21.8% of the ORF codon sites were found under strong episodic diversifying selection, providing first evidence of negative selection in HoBiPeV evolution. No recombination event was evident for HoBiPeV-c, d and e strains. These findings provide new insights into HoBiPeV origin and evolutionary history for better understanding the epidemiology and host–pathogen interactions and stimulate vaccine research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15030733
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bayesian Molecular Dating Analyses Combined with Mutational Profiling Suggest an Independent Origin and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Sub-Lineages
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2022-12-12), p. 2764-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2022-12-12), p. 2764-
    Abstract: The ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in the recent emergence of a highly divergent variant of concern (VOC) defined as Omicron or B.1.1.529. This VOC is of particular concern because it has the potential to evade most therapeutic antibodies and has undergone a sustained genetic evolution, resulting in the emergence of five distinct sub-lineages. However, the evolutionary dynamics of the initially identified Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sub-lineages remain poorly understood. Herein, we combined Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, mutational profiling, and selection pressure analysis to track the virus’s genetic changes that drive the early evolutionary dynamics of the Omicron. Based on the Omicron dataset chosen for the improved temporal signals and sampled globally between November 2021 and January 2022, the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and substitution rates for BA.1 were estimated to be that of 18 September 2021 (95% highest posterior density (HPD), 4 August–22 October 2021) and 1.435 × 10−3 (95% HPD  =  1.021 × 10−3 − 1.869 × 10−3) substitution/site/year, respectively, whereas 3 November 2021 (95% highest posterior density (HPD) 26 September–28 November 2021) and 1.074 × 10−3 (95% HPD  =  6.444 × 10−4 − 1.586 × 10−3) substitution/site/year were estimated for the BA.2 sub-lineage. The findings of this study suggest that the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sub-lineages originated independently and evolved over time. Furthermore, we identified multiple sites in the spike protein undergoing continued diversifying selection that may alter the neutralization profile of BA.1. This study sheds light on the ongoing global genomic surveillance and Bayesian molecular dating analyses to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of the virus and, as a result, mitigate the impact of emerging variants on public health.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14122764
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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