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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Respiratory and Systemic Toxicity of Inhaled Artificial Asian Sand Dust in Pigs
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Life Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-04), p. 25-
    Details
    In: Life, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-04), p. 25-
    Abstract: Air pollution, particularly caused by Asian sand dust (ASD) and particulate matter (PM), has become one of the leading threats to public health. However, the majority of studies have primarily focused on epidemiological assessment, and in vivo toxicities of certain air pollutants have been poorly elucidated in medium/large-size laboratory animals. To investigate the impact of ASD in domestic animals, 16 Landrace pigs were exposed to an artificial ASD sandstorm for 6 h. All animals were divided in four cages, and a commercial yellow soil was used for generating artificial mineralogical particles. Blood samples were collected, and necropsies were performed before exposure and 6, 12, 24, and 72 h after exposure. Complete blood cell count and the levels of serum biochemical enzymes, blood gas, electrolytes, and a variety of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. In addition, histopathological examination was conducted. Various test results proved acute lower airway disorders with systemic inflammation in pigs. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe experimental research in domestic animals concerning the damage caused by artificial ASD exposure. The results of this study suggest that ASD has importance in terms of not only public health but also of ultimate economic losses in the pork industry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1729
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/life11010025
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662250-6
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  • 2
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    Lemon Balm Extract ALS-L1023 Regulates Obesity and Improves Insulin Sensitivity via Activation of Hepatic PPARα in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese C57BL/6J Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2020-06-15), p. 4256-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2020-06-15), p. 4256-
    Abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation reduces weight gain and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Since excess lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues is suggested to be responsible for the development of insulin resistance, this study was undertaken to examine whether the lemon balm extract ALS-L1023 regulates hepatic lipid accumulation, obesity, and insulin resistance and to determine whether its mechanism of action involves PPARα. Administration of ALS-L1023 to high-fat-diet-induced obese mice caused reductions in body weight gain, visceral fat mass, and visceral adipocyte size without changes of food consumption profiles. ALS-L1023 improved hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose and insulin tolerance, and normalized insulin-positive β-cell area in obese mice. ALS-L1023 decreased hepatic lipid accumulation and concomitantly increased the expression of PPARα target genes responsible for fatty acid β-oxidation in livers. In accordance with the in vivo data, ALS-L1023 reduced lipid accumulation and stimulated PPARα reporter gene expression in HepG2 cells. These effects of ALS-L1023 were comparable to those of the PPARα ligand fenofibrate, while the PPARα antagonist GW6471 inhibited the actions of ALS-L1023 on lipid accumulation and PPARα luciferase activity in HepG2 cells. Higher phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt)/Akt ratios and lower expression of gluconeogenesis genes were observed in the livers of ALS-L1023-treated mice. These results indicate that ALS-L1023 may inhibit obesity and improve insulin sensitivity in part through inhibition of hepatic lipid accumulation via hepatic PPARα activation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124256
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 3
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    Fenofibrate Regulates Visceral Obesity and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Obese Female Ovariectomized C57BL/6J Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2021-04-01), p. 3675-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 7 ( 2021-04-01), p. 3675-
    Abstract: Fibrates, including fenofibrate, are a class of hypolipidemic drugs that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), which in-turn regulates the expression of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism genes. We investigated whether fenofibrate can reduce visceral obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via adipose tissue PPARα activation in female ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), a mouse model of obese postmenopausal women. Fenofibrate reduced body weight gain (−38%, p 〈 0.05), visceral adipose tissue mass (−46%, p 〈 0.05), and visceral adipocyte size (−20%, p 〈 0.05) in HFD-fed obese OVX mice. In addition, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as free fatty acids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, were decreased. Fenofibrate also inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation (−69%, p 〈 0.05) and infiltration of macrophages (−72%, p 〈 0.05), while concomitantly upregulating the expression of fatty acid β-oxidation genes targeted by PPARα and decreasing macrophage infiltration and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in visceral adipose tissue. These results suggest that fenofibrate inhibits visceral obesity, as well as hepatic steatosis and inflammation, in part through visceral adipose tissue PPARα activation in obese female OVX mice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073675
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 4
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    Vascular Protective Effects of New Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 19 ( 2021-09-23), p. 4332-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 19 ( 2021-09-23), p. 4332-
    Abstract: This study was designed to determine the efficacy of a new oral anticoagulant (NOAC) therapy for the prevention of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis progression in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Sixty-five AF patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 without previous history of cardiovascular disease were registered and randomly assigned to either an NOAC group (dabigatran or rivaroxaban) or the warfarin group. Reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) measurements reflecting endothelial function were taken using Endo-PAT2000. Carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) was measured at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months, and several biomarkers were also analyzed. For the primary end point, the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) for the NOAC group was 1.5 ± 0.4 and that for the warfarin group was 1.6 ± 0.5. The left and right carotid IMT was 0.7 mm in the NOAC groups and 0.8 mm in the warfarin group. At 12 months, RHI was 1.6 ± 0.3 for the dabigatran group, 1.6 ± 0.5 for the rivaroxaban group, and 1.6 ± 0.3 for the warfarin group. The three groups did not differ statistically with respect to change in left and right carotid IMT at 12 and 24 months, respectively. The biomarkers for endothelial function and atherosclerosis were not significantly different. There was a trend of reduced P-selectin levels in the NOAC group compared to the warfarin group. In patients with AF, there were no significant differences in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis progression between the NOAC and warfarin groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194332
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 5
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    Conversion of D-fructose to 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furfural Using Immobilized Lipase and Cation Exchange Resin
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Molecules Vol. 24, No. 24 ( 2019-12-17), p. 4623-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 24 ( 2019-12-17), p. 4623-
    Abstract: 5-Acetoxymethyl-2-furfural (AMF) was prepared from D-fructose via 1,6-diacetylfructose (DAF) through a simple two-step reaction pathway. Immobilized enzyme (Novozym 435) was found to be the best enzymatic catalyst for the trans-esterification step (yielding 94.6% DAF). In the dehydration step, while soluble H2SO4 was found to be the best acidic catalyst (yielding 86.6% AMF), we opted to utilize heterogeneous cation exchange resin (Amberlyst 15) together with recyclable industrial solvents (1,4-dioxane) for a more sustainable AMF synthesis procedure. Although the total yield of AMF was a little lower, both the enzyme and the solid acid catalyst could be recycled for five cycles without a significant loss of activity, which has a major contribution to the cost-efficient aspect of the entire process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244623
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 6
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    Safety of Chuna Manipulation Therapy in 289,953 Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Retrospective Study
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Healthcare Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-02-02), p. 294-
    Details
    In: Healthcare, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-02-02), p. 294-
    Abstract: Studies have reported that mild adverse events (AEs) are common after manual therapy and that there is a risk of serious injury. We aimed to assess the safety of Chuna manipulation therapy (CMT), a traditional manual Korean therapy, by analysing AEs in patients who underwent this treatment. Patients who received at least one session of CMT between December 2009 and March 2019 at 14 Korean medicine hospitals were included. Electronic patient charts and internal audit data obtained from situation report logs were retrospectively analysed. All data were reviewed by two researchers. The inter-rater agreement was assessed using the Cohen’s kappa coefficient, and reliability analysis among hospitals was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. In total, 2,682,258 CMT procedures were performed in 289,953 patients during the study period. There were 50 AEs, including worsened pain (n = 29), rib fracture (n = 11), falls during treatment (n = 6), chest pain (n = 2), dizziness (n = 1), and unpleasant feeling (n = 1). The incidence of mild to moderate AEs was 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36–2.39) per 100,000 treatment sessions, and that of severe AEs was 0.04 (95% CI 0.00–0.16) per 100,000 treatment sessions. Thus, AEs of any level of severity were very rare after CMT. Moreover, there were no instances of carotid artery dissection or spinal cord injury, which are the most severe AEs associated with manual therapy in other countries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020294
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721009-1
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  • 7
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    Long-Term Follow-Up of Spinal Stenosis Inpatients Treated with Integrative Korean Medicine Treatment
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-12-28), p. 74-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-12-28), p. 74-
    Abstract: The present prospective observational study aimed to analyze the outcomes of inpatients who received integrative Korean medicine treatment in order to provide evidence on its effects on lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Patients with LSS who received inpatient treatment at four Korean medicine hospitals from January 2015 to December 2018 were followed up. Outcomes measured included the numeric rating scale (NRS) scores for back and leg pain, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Changes in outcomes at admission, discharge, and follow-up, as well as associated predictors that could account for the improvement in outcomes were analyzed. The NRS score for back pain, NRS score for leg pain, and ODI decreased by 2.20 points (95% confidence interval (CI), −2.41 to −1.99), 2.28 points (95% CI, −2.59 to −1.96), and 17.31 points (95% CI, −19.6 to −15.02), respectively, at long-term follow-up compared with at admission. Patients with LSS who received inpatient integrative Korean medicine treatment exhibited an improvement in pain and functional disability. Further studies are required to determine the effects of integrative Korean medicine treatment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010074
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 8
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    Acute Effect of Evolocumab on Lipoprotein(a) Level and Inflammation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2022-03-27), p. 101-
    Details
    In: Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2022-03-27), p. 101-
    Abstract: Background: Several studies have shown that high plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations are associated with an increased risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Thus, Lp(a) has emerged as a new therapeutic target. Circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are new lipid-lowering agents that reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as Lp(a). Methods: We analyzed the short-term effects of one-time administration of evolocumab (a PCSK9 inhibitor) on the lipid profiles (especially Lp(a)) and inflammatory markers in Korean patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Sixty-four patients with CAD who underwent PCI were enrolled in this trial. Evolocumab (140 mg) was administered to patients within 24 h after PCI. Lipid profiles and inflammatory marker levels were measured at baseline and 2 weeks later. Results: The PCSK9 inhibitor significantly reduced the baseline levels of Lp(a) (−9.2 mg/dL, p 〈 0.001), but high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (+0.07 mg/dL, p = 0.272) was not significantly different after 2 weeks. In patients with an Lp(a) level of 50 mg/dL or more, the Lp(a) level decreased significantly by approximately 30%, from 95.6 mg/dL to 67.0 mg/dL (p 〈 0.001). Conclusions: One-time PCSK9 inhibitor treatment may be effective in lowering Lp(a) levels in Korean patients in the short term.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2308-3425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9040101
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2777082-5
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  • 9
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    Effects of Acupuncture on Cardiac Remodeling in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Patient- and Assessor-Blinded Pilot Trial and Its Implications for Future Research
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Medicina Vol. 58, No. 1 ( 2021-12-27), p. 41-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 58, No. 1 ( 2021-12-27), p. 41-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives: In this study, we attempted to determine the effects of acupuncture on cardiac remodeling and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence rates in patients with AF after electrical cardioversion (EC). Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned 44 patients with persistent AF to an acupuncture group or a sham acupuncture group. An electroacupuncture treatment session was administered once weekly for 12 weeks at four acupuncture points (left PC5, PC6, ST36, and ST37). Results: Among the 44 recruited participants, 16 (treatment group) and 15 (control group) completed the trial. The three-month AF recurrence rate (primary outcome) was not significantly different between the two groups. Following the completion of treatment, patients who had been treated with acupuncture had a significant reduction in left atrial volume index (42.2 ± 13.9 to 36.1 ± 9.7 mL/m2; p = 0.028), whereas no change in atrial size was observed in the sham acupuncture group. No serious adverse events were observed. The AF recurrence rate and cardiac function did not differ significantly between the two groups. At three months, the acupuncture treatment group showed more favorable atrial structural remodeling compared to the sham acupuncture group. Conclusion: In future research on acupuncture in AF management, it is recommended that the inclusion criteria be amended to include only symptomatic AF, that an appropriate control group is designed, and that the acupuncture treatment frequency is increased to several times per week.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010041
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088820-X
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  • 10
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    The Protective Effect of Zebularine, an Inhibitor of DNA Methyltransferase, on Renal Tubulointerstitial Inflammation and Fibrosis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-14), p. 14045-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-14), p. 14045-
    Abstract: Renal fibrosis, the final pathway of chronic kidney disease, is caused by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Although DNA methylation has drawn attention as a developing mechanism of renal fibrosis, its contribution to renal fibrosis has not been clarified. To address this issue, the effect of zebularine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, on renal inflammation and fibrosis in the murine unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model was analyzed. Zebularine significantly attenuated renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and inflammation. Zebularine decreased trichrome, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen IV, and transforming growth factor-β1 staining by 56.2%. 21.3%, 30.3%, and 29.9%, respectively, at 3 days, and by 54.6%, 41.9%, 45.9%, and 61.7%, respectively, at 7 days after UUO. Zebularine downregulated mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, fibronectin, and Snail1 by 48.6%. 71.4%, 31.8%, and 42.4%, respectively, at 7 days after UUO. Zebularine also suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, by 69.8%, 74.9%, and 69.6%, respectively, in obstructed kidneys. Furthermore, inhibiting DNA methyltransferase buttressed the nuclear expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2, which upregulated downstream effectors such as catalase (1.838-fold increase at 7 days, p 〈 0.01), superoxide dismutase 1 (1.494-fold increase at 7 days, p 〈 0.05), and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreduate-1 (1.376-fold increase at 7 days, p 〈 0.05) in obstructed kidneys. Collectively, these findings suggest that inhibiting DNA methylation restores the disrupted balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways to alleviate renal inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, these results highlight the possibility of DNA methyltransferases as therapeutic targets for treating renal inflammation and fibrosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214045
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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