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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    IL-10 and IL-17 as Progression Markers of Syphilis in People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-13), p. 1472-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-13), p. 1472-
    Abstract: Much is known about the natural history of syphilis; however, less is known about the immune response against it, and even less is known about people living with HIV (PLWH). Due to the lack of an animal model to study host-pathogen interactions, it remains unclear how the host eliminates the bacteria. Here, we attempt to elucidate the immune response against infection by summarizing all the reported data in a systematic review. We found that only seven papers included PLWH, and they did not accurately describe the immune response against Treponema pallidum since only lymphopenia was reported upon coinfection. On the other hand, at least sixteen papers described the host-pathogen interaction in individual cell populations. Using this information, we established the kinetics of the immune response against syphilis and hypothesized how CD4+ T cells, such as Th17 and T rex cells, worsen the progression of the disease in PLWH through their hallmark cytokines, IL-10 and IL-17, and how these two cytokines may play important roles as biomarkers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom12101472
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Syphilis as Re-Emerging Disease, Antibiotic Resistance, and Vulnerable Population: Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2022-12-15), p. 1546-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2022-12-15), p. 1546-
    Abstract: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that has become a public health problem, especially in vulnerable populations. A systematic review and time-free meta-analysis of the publications on the molecular detection of syphilis and mutations associated with antibiotic resistance, CORE group, and syphilis genotypes in PubMed databases, Scielo, and Cochrane was performed, and the last search was conducted in June 2022. Proportions were calculated, and standard errors and confidence intervals were reported for all results of interest. We included 41 articles for quantitative extraction and data synthesis. An increase was observed in the proportion of subjects diagnosed with syphilis and the presence of the A2058G mutation during the 2018–2021 period compared to 2006 (70% 95%CI 50–87 vs. 58% 95%CI 12–78), and we observed that the greater the proportion of the population participating in men who have sex with men (MSM) ( 〈 50% and 〉 50%) syphilis increased (78% 95%CI 65–90 vs. 33% 95%CI 19–49). In conclusion, we suggest that there are a set of characteristics that are contributing to the resurgence of syphilis and the selective pressure of bacteria. The MSM population could be a vulnerable factor for this scenario and the global presence of A2058G and A2059G mutations that confer resistance to macrolides.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121546
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High Prevalence of Syphilis and Syphilis/HIV Coinfection among Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Attend Meeting Places in Mexico
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-21), p. 356-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-21), p. 356-
    Abstract: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by syphilis, HIV, and syphilis/HIV coinfection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevents HIV transmission but does not impede the spread or acquisition of syphilis. Information about syphilis/HIV coinfection among MSM is scarce. We aimed to determine the prevalence of syphilis/HIV coinfection in a national sample of MSM who attend meeting places (such as movies, clubs, gay bars, saunas, shopping malls, and others referred to by the same MSM participants of the study) in Mexico to evaluate factors associated with syphilis, and to compare the prevalence rates of syphilis between the current survey and DGE data. We performed a laboratory diagnosis to determine the rates of syphilis and HIV among the included MSM. The national and regional prevalence of syphilis was calculated. HIV and coinfection prevalence were determined only for the survey. All prevalence rates included 95%CIs. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. The national prevalence rates of syphilis, HIV, and coinfection were 15.2%, 10.2%, and 5.7%, respectively. The region with the highest prevalence rate was Mexico City (39.4%). The center region, minimal “goods” (i.e., a minimal number of material possessions such as a car or dryer, etc., which served as a proxy for low economic income level), use of “inhalant drugs”, “HIV infection”, “sexual intercourse” only with men, “rewarded sex”, and “youngest age at first sexual encounter or debut” were risk factors for syphilis. In general, regional prevalence of syphilis was higher in the survey (2013) and DGE data from 2019 than in the DGE data from 2013. Similar to other countries, Mexico needs to assess elements around not only syphilis and HIV infections but also syphilis/HIV coinfection, and preventive measures focusing on MSM are needed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030356
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seroprevalence and Vaginal Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Pregnant Adolescents and Young Women from Morelos, Mexico
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2023-05-08), p. 1122-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2023-05-08), p. 1122-
    Abstract: Adolescents and young people are particularly vulnerable to contracting STIs, including HSV-2; furthermore, vaginal shedding of HSV-2 during pregnancy can cause vertical transmission and neonatal herpes. To evaluate the seroprevalence of HSV-2 and vaginal HSV-2 shedding in adolescent and young pregnant women, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 496 pregnant women—adolescents and young women. Venous blood and vaginal exudate samples were taken. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 was determined by ELISA and Western blot. Vaginal HSV-2 shedding was assessed by qPCR of the HSV-2 UL30 gene. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 in the study population was 8.5% (95% CI 6–11), of which 38.1% had vaginal HSV-2 shedding (95% CI 22–53). Young women presented a higher seroprevalence of HSV-2 (12.1%) than adolescents (4.3%), OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.59–7.23. Frequent alcohol consumption was significantly associated with HSV-2 seroprevalence, OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.27–6.99. Vaginal HSV-2 shedding is highest in the third trimester of pregnancy, but this difference is not significant. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 in adolescents and young women is similar to that previously reported in other studies. However, the proportion of women with vaginal shedding of HSV-2 is higher during the third trimester of pregnancy, increasing the risk of vertical transmission.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15051122
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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