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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    COVID-19 in Children with Down Syndrome: Data from the Trisomy 21 Research Society Survey
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-10-31), p. 5125-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-10-31), p. 5125-
    Abstract: Adults with Down Syndrome (DS) are at higher risk for severe outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than the general population, but evidence is required to understand the risks for children with DS, which is necessary to inform COVID-19 shielding advice and vaccination priorities. We aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children with DS. Using data from an international survey obtained from a range of countries and control data from the United States, we compared the prevalence of symptoms and medical complications and risk factors for severe outcomes between DS and non-DS paediatric populations with COVID-19. Hospitalised COVID-19 patients 〈 18 years with DS had a higher incidence of respiratory symptoms, fever, and several medical complications from COVID-19 than control patients without DS 〈 18 years. Older age, obesity, and epilepsy were significant risk factors for hospitalisation among paediatric COVID-19 patients with DS, and age and thyroid disorder were significant risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mortality rates were low in all paediatric COVID-19 patients (with and without DS), contrasting with previous findings in adults with DS (who exhibit higher mortality than those without DS). Children with DS are at increased risk for more severe presentations of COVID-19. Efforts should be made to ensure the comprehensive and early detection of COVID-19 in this population and to identify children with DS who present comorbidities that pose a risk for a severe course of COVID-19. Our results emphasize the importance of vaccinating children with DS as soon as they become eligible.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215125
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    COVID-19 Vaccination of Individuals with Down Syndrome—Data from the Trisomy 21 Research Society Survey on Safety, Efficacy, and Factors Associated with the Decision to Be Vaccinated
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-03-29), p. 530-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-03-29), p. 530-
    Abstract: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are among the groups with the highest risk for severe COVID-19. Better understanding of the efficacy and risks of COVID-19 vaccines for individuals with DS may help improve uptake of vaccination. The T21RS COVID-19 Initiative launched an international survey to obtain information on safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines for individuals with DS. De-identified survey data collected between March and December 2021 were analyzed. Of 2172 individuals with DS, 1973 (91%) had received at least one vaccine dose (57% BNT162b2), 107 (5%) were unvaccinated by choice, and 92 (4%) were unvaccinated for other reasons. Most participants had either no side effects (54%) or mild ones such as pain at the injection site (29%), fatigue (12%), and fever (7%). Severe side effects occurred in 〈 0.5% of participants. About 1% of the vaccinated individuals with DS contracted COVID-19 after vaccination, and all recovered. Individuals with DS who were unvaccinated by choice were more likely to be younger, previously recovered from COVID-19, and also unvaccinated against other recommended vaccines. COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be safe for individuals with DS and effective in terms of resulting in minimal breakthrough infections and milder disease outcomes among fully vaccinated individuals with DS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040530
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Classification of Distal Growth Plate Ossification States of the Radius Bone Using a Dedicated Ultrasound Device and Machine Learning Techniques for Bone Age Assessments
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-03-25), p. 3361-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-03-25), p. 3361-
    Abstract: X-ray imaging, based on ionizing radiation, can be used to determine bone age by examining distal growth plate fusion in the ulna and radius bones. Legal age determination approaches based on ultrasound signals exist but are unsuitable to reliably determine bone age. We present a low-cost, mobile system that uses one-dimensional ultrasound radio frequency signals to obtain a robust binary classifier enabling the determination of bone age from data of girls and women aged 9 to 24 years. These data were acquired as part of a clinical study conducted with 148 subjects. Our system detects the presence or absence of the epiphyseal plate by moving ultrasound array transducers along the forearm, measuring reflection and transmission signals. Even though classical digital signal processing methods did not achieve a robust classifier, we achieved an F1 score of approximately 87% for binary classification of completed bone growth with machine learning approaches, such as the gradient boosting machine method CatBoost. We demonstrate that our ultrasound system can classify the fusion of the distal growth plate of the radius bone and the completion of bone growth with high accuracy. We propose a non-ionizing alternative to established X-ray imaging methods for this purpose.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12073361
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MicroRNA-126-3p/5p and Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Turner Syndrome
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Children Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2022-07-23), p. 1109-
    Details
    In: Children, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2022-07-23), p. 1109-
    Abstract: Background: Turner Syndrome (TS) is a relatively rare X-chromosomal disease with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to identify whether the circulating miR-126-3p/5p are involved in the pathophysiology of vascular dysfunction in TS. Methods: Using the RT-qPCR, the abundance levels of miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p were determined in 33 TS patients and 33 age-matched healthy volunteers (HVs). Vascular screening, including the assessment of blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, aortic deformation, arterial distensibility, and arterial elastance, was conducted in TS patients and HVs. Results: The abundance levels of miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p were significantly higher in TS patients compared to HVs (p 〈 0.0001). Within the TS cohort, miR-126-3p/5p correlated significantly with aortic deformation (r = 0.47, p = 0.01; r = 0.48, p 〈 0.01) and arterial distensibility (r = 0.55, p 〈 0.01; r = 0.48, p 〈 0.01). In addition, a significant negative correlation was demonstrated between miR-126-3p and arterial elastance (r = −0.48, p = 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p separated the tested groups with high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: The abundance levels of miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p were significantly higher in TS patients compared to HVs. Within the TS cohort, a lower abundance level of miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p was linked with a significantly higher aortic stiffness.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/children9081109
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2732685-8
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Concentrations of Soluble Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (sACE2) in Children and Adults with and without COVID-19
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 11, No. 22 ( 2022-11-17), p. 6799-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 22 ( 2022-11-17), p. 6799-
    Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leads to illness and death. Various risk factors for a severe course, such as higher age, male gender and pre-existing illnesses are known. However, pathophysiological risk factors are largely unclear. Notably, the mild course of disease in children is conspicuous. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) serves as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and is a key enzyme in infection. Differences in the distribution of ACE2 can provide insights into different courses of COVID-19. Our aim was to elucidate the role of ACE2 as a pathophysiological risk factor by measuring soluble ACE2 (sACE2) via ELISA in blood samples (lithium-heparin-plasma or serum) of 367 individuals including children and adults with and without COVID-19. sACE2-levels were compared between the groups according to age and sex. In adults and children with COVID-19, sACE2-concentrations are significantly higher compared to healthy individuals. sACE2-levels increase with age and are lower in children compared to adults with COVID-19. Sex doesn’t significantly influence sACE2-concentration. It remains unclear whether sACE2 concentrations increase because of the infection and what factors could influence this response. In conclusion, the increase of sACE2-concentration with age could indicate that ACE2 concentrations mirror increased COVID-19 severity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226799
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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