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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Varying Atmospheric CO2 Mediates the Cold-Induced CBF-Dependent Signaling Pathway and Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 20 ( 2020-10-15), p. 7616-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 20 ( 2020-10-15), p. 7616-
    Abstract: Changes in the stomatal aperture in response to CO2 levels allow plants to manage water usage, optimize CO2 uptake and adjust to environmental stimuli. The current study reports that sub-ambient CO2 up-regulated the low temperature induction of the C-repeat Binding Factor (CBF)-dependent cold signaling pathway in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the opposite occurred in response to supra-ambient CO2. Accordingly, cold induction of various downstream cold-responsive genes was modified by CO2 treatments and expression changes were either partially or fully CBF-dependent. Changes in electrolyte leakage during freezing tests were correlated with CO2′s effects on CBF expression. Cold treatments were also performed on Arabidopsis mutants with altered stomatal responses to CO2, i.e., high leaf temperature 1-2 (ht1-2, CO2 hypersensitive) and β-carbonic anhydrase 1 and 4 (ca1ca4, CO2 insensitive). The cold-induced expression of CBF and downstream CBF target genes plus freezing tolerance of ht1-2 was consistently less than that for Col-0, suggesting that HT1 is a positive modulator of cold signaling. The ca1ca4 mutant had diminished CBF expression during cold treatment but the downstream expression of cold-responsive genes was either similar to or greater than that of Col-0. This finding suggested that βCA1/4 modulates the expression of certain cold-responsive genes in a CBF-independent manner. Stomatal conductance measurements demonstrated that low temperatures overrode low CO2-induced stomatal opening and this process was delayed in the cold tolerant mutant, ca1ca4, compared to the cold sensitive mutant, ht1-2. The similar stomatal responses were evident from freezing tolerant line, Ox-CBF, overexpression of CBF3, compared to wild-type ecotype Ws-2. Together, these results indicate that CO2 signaling in stomata and CBF-mediated cold signaling work coordinately in Arabidopsis to manage abiotic stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207616
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
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    Drought-Induced Responses in Maize under Different Vapor Pressure Deficit Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Plants Vol. 11, No. 20 ( 2022-10-19), p. 2771-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 20 ( 2022-10-19), p. 2771-
    Abstract: Water stress in plants depends on the soil water level and the evaporative demand. In this study, the physiological, biochemical, and molecular response of maize were examined under three evaporative demand conditions (low—1.00 kPa, medium—2.2 kPa, and high—4.00 kPa Vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) at three different soil water content (SWC); well-watered, 45%, and 35% SWC. Plants grown at 35% SWC under high VPD had significant (p 〈 0.01) lower leaf weight, leaf area, and leaf number than low VPD. Plants under low, medium, and high VPD with drought stress (45% and 35% SWC) showed a 30 to 60% reduction in their leaf area compared to well-watered plants. Gas exchange parameters including photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency exhibited significant differences (p 〈 0.01) between treatments, with the highest reduction occuring at 35% SWC and high VPD. Both drought and VPD significantly (p 〈 0.01) increased C4 enzyme levels and some transcription factors with increased stress levels. Transcription factors primarily related to Abssisic Acid (ABA) synthesis were upregulated under drought, which might be related to high ABA levels. In summary, severe drought levels coupled with high VPD had shown a significant decrease in plant development by modifying enzymes, ABA, and transcription factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants11202771
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Restrains the Impact of Drought on Three Maize Hybrids Differing in Water Stress Tolerance in Water Stressed Environments
    MDPI AG ; 2014
    In:  International Journal of Plant Biology Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2014-10-24), p. 5535-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Plant Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2014-10-24), p. 5535-
    Abstract: Three maize genotypes were grown in controlled environment chambers with ambient (38 Pa) or elevated (70 Pa) carbon dioxide and water stress treatments were initiated 17 days after sowing. Shoot dry weight of the drought tolerant hybrid in both CO2 treatments was 44 to 73% less than that of the intermediate and sensitive hybrids when seedlings were well watered. Decreased shoot and root dry weights of the tolerant maize hybrid due to drought were about one-half that of the other two hybrids. Genotypic differences were observed in decreases of soil water content, leaf water potential, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to drought. Eleven of 19 amino acids measured in this study increased, methionine was unchanged and alanine and aspartate decreased in response to drought in the ambient CO2 treatment. Increased amino acid levels under elevated CO2 were observed at the end of the experiment. Significant genotypic differences were detected for amino acid responses to drought. Effects of drought on all three genotypes were mitigated by CO2 enrichment. Decreased shoot growth likely improved the stress tolerance of a highly drought resistant maize hybrid by reducing moisture loss, improving soil moisture content and increasing leaf water potential.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2037-0164
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4081/pb.2014.5535
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2577601-0
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  • 4
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    Poultry Litter and Inorganic Fertilization: Effects on Biomass Yield, Metal and Nutrient Concentration of Three Mixed-Season Perennial Forages
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-02-25), p. 570-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2022-02-25), p. 570-
    Abstract: Poultry litter and fertilizers are normally added as soil amendments. The effects of poultry litter and inorganic fertilizers on three mixed-season perennial forages were studied for two years in the field to understand growth dynamics, metals, and nutrient uptake. The primary objective was to investigate the heavy metal and nutrient concentrations, biomass yield and forage potential of a cool-season forage, stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.), relative to warm-season forages, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Forage cuttings and soil samples were analyzed for heavy metals and nutrients using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Total biomass yield was higher by 66% and 50% in switchgrass and bermudagrass, respectively, compared with stinging nettle for the first year. While the warm-season forages yielded more biomass over the cool-season forage, metal concentrations were significantly higher for all elements in the cool-season forage. Stinging nettle showed greater macro-nutrient uptake with 103.20 kg ha−1, 0.87 kg ha−1, 27.49 kg ha−1 and 32.08 kg ha−1 for Ca, Fe, Mg, and P, except for K with 223.51 kg ha−1 compared with 267.29 kg ha−1 and 283.96 kg ha−1 for switchgrass and bermudagrass, respectively. Heavy metals were also higher in stinging nettle but were within the allowable limits for forages, indicating its potential as a resource for forages and nutrient cycling, particularly when double-cropped with warm-season forages.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12030570
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Effect of High-Temperature Stress on Plant Physiological Traits and Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Maize Plants
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Fungi Vol. 7, No. 10 ( 2021-10-16), p. 867-
    Details
    In: Journal of Fungi, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 10 ( 2021-10-16), p. 867-
    Abstract: Increasing high temperature (HT) has a deleterious effect on plant growth. Earlier works reported the protective role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under stress conditions, particularly influencing the physiological parameters. However, the protective role of AMF under high-temperature stress examining physiological parameters with characteristic phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) of soil microbial communities including AMF has not been studied. This work aims to study how high-temperature stress affects photosynthetic and below-ground traits in maize plants with and without AMF. Photosynthetic parameters like quantum yield of photosystem (PS) II, PSI, electron transport, and fractions of open reaction centers decreased in HT exposed plants, but recovered in AMF + HT plants. AMF + HT plants had significantly higher AM-signature 16:1ω5cis neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA), spore density in soil, and root colonization with lower lipid peroxidation than non-mycorrhizal HT plants. As a result, enriched plants had more active living biomass, which improved photosynthetic efficiency when exposed to heat. This study provides an understanding of how AM-mediated plants can tolerate high temperatures while maintaining the stability of their photosynthetic apparatus. This is the first study to combine above- and below-ground traits, which could lead to a new understanding of plant and rhizosphere stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2309-608X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jof7100867
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2784229-0
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  • 6
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    Cloning and Characterization of Three Sugar Metabolism Genes (LBGAE, LBGALA, and LBMS) Regulated in Response to Elevated CO2 in Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum L.)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Plants Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2021-02-07), p. 321-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2021-02-07), p. 321-
    Abstract: The composition and content of sugar play a pivotal role in goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) fruits, determining fruit quality. Long-term exposure of goji berry to elevated CO2 (eCO2) was frequently demonstrated to reduce sugar content and secondary metabolites. In order to understand the regulatory mechanisms and improve the quality of fruit in the changing climate, it is essential to characterize sugar metabolism genes that respond to eCO2. The objectives of this study were to clone full-length cDNA of three sugar metabolism genes—LBGAE (Lycium barbarum UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase), LBGALA (Lycium barbarum alpha-galactosidase), and LBMS (Lycium barbarum malate synthase)—that were previously identified responding to eCO2, and to analyze sequence characteristics and expression regulation patterns. Sugar metabolism enzymes regulated by these genes were also estimated along with various carbohydrates from goji berry fruits grown under ambient (400 μmol mol−1) and elevated (700 μmol mol−1) CO2 for 90 and 120 days. Homology-based sequence analysis revealed that the protein-contained functional domains are similar to sugar transport regulation and had a high sequence homology with other Solanaceae species. The sucrose metabolism-related enzyme’s activity varied significantly from ambient to eCO2 in 90-day and 120-day samples along with sugars. This study provides fundamental information on sugar metabolism genes to eCO2 in goji berry to enhance fruit quality to climate change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants10020321
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 7
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    Parameter Estimation of the Farquhar—von Caemmerer—Berry Biochemical Model from Photosynthetic Carbon Dioxide Response Curves
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2017-07-24), p. 1288-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2017-07-24), p. 1288-
    Abstract: The Farquhar—von Caemmerer—Berry (FvCB) biochemical model of photosynthesis, commonly used to estimate CO2 assimilation at various spatial scales from leaf to global, has been used to assess the impacts of climate change on crop and ecosystem productivities. However, it is widely known that the parameters in the FvCB model are difficult to accurately estimate. The objective of this study was to assess the methods of Sharkey et al. and Gu et al., which are often used to estimate the parameters of the FvCB model. We generated An/Ci datasets with different data accuracies, numbers of data points, and data point distributions. The results showed that neither method accurately estimated the parameters; however, Gu et al.’s approach provided slightly better estimates. Using Gu et al.’s approach and datasets with measurement errors and the same accuracy as a typical open gas exchange system (i.e., Li-6400), the majority of the estimated parameters—Vcmax (maximal Rubisco carboxylation rate), Kco (effective Michaelis-Menten coefficient for CO2), gm (internal (mesophyll) conductance to CO2 transport) and Γ* (chloroplastic CO2 photocompensation point)—were underestimated, while the majority of Rd (day respiration) and α (the non-returned fraction of the glycolate carbon recycled in the photorespiratory cycle) were overestimated. The distributions of Tp (the rate of triose phosphate export from the chloroplast) were evenly dispersed around the 1:1 line using both approaches. This study revealed that a high accuracy of leaf gas exchange measurements and sufficient data points are required to correctly estimate the parameters for the biochemical model. The accurate estimation of these parameters can contribute to the enhancement of food security under climate change through accurate predictions of crop and ecosystem productivities. A further study is recommended to address the question of how the measurement accuracies can be improved.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su9071288
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 8
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    Evaluation of Different Crop Models for Simulating Rice Development and Yield in the U.S. Mississippi Delta
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2020-12-02), p. 1905-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2020-12-02), p. 1905-
    Abstract: The United States is one of the top rice exporters in the world, but warming temperatures and other climate trends may affect grain yield and quality. The use of crop models as decision support tools for a climate impact assessment would be beneficial, but suitability of models for representative growing conditions need to be verified. Therefore, the ability of CERES-Rice and ORYZA crop models to predict rice yield and growing season duration in the Mississippi Delta region was assessed for two widely-grown varieties using a 34-year database. CERES-Rice simulated growth duration more accurately than ORYZA as a result of the latter model’s use of lower cardinal temperatures. An increase in base and optimal temperatures improved ORYZA accuracy and reduced systematic error (e.g., correlation coefficient increased by 0.03–0.27 and root mean square error decreased by 0.3–1.9 days). Both models subsequently showed acceptable skill in reproducing the growing season duration and had similar performance for predicting rice yield for most locations and years. CERES-Rice predictions were more sensitive to years with lower solar radiation, but neither model accurately mimicked negative impacts of very warm or cold temperatures. Both models were shown to reproduce 50% percentile yield trends of more than 100 varieties in the region for the 34-year period when calibrated with two representative cultivars. These results suggest that both models are suitable for exploring the general response of multiple rice cultivars in the Mississippi Delta region for decision support studies involving the current climate. The response of rice growth and development to cold injury and high temperature stress, and variation in cultivar sensitivity, should be further developed and tested for improved decision making tools.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10121905
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Rice Plant–Soil Microbiome Interactions Driven by Root and Shoot Biomass
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Diversity Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2021-03-15), p. 125-
    Details
    In: Diversity, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2021-03-15), p. 125-
    Abstract: Plant–soil microbe interactions are complex and affected by many factors including soil type, edaphic conditions, plant genotype and phenotype, and developmental stage. The rice rhizosphere microbial community composition of nine recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and their parents, Francis and Rondo, segregating for root and shoot biomass, was determined using metagenomic sequencing as a means to examine how biomass phenotype influences the rhizosphere community. Two plant developmental stages were studied, heading and physiological maturity, based on root and shoot biomass growth patterns across the selected genotypes. We used partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis to examine plant trait-driven microbial populations and identify microbial species, functions, and genes corresponding to root and shoot biomass as well as developmental stage patterns. Species identified correlated with increases in either root or shoot biomass were widely present in soil and included species involved in nitrogen cycling (Anaeromyxobacter spp.) and methane production (Methanocellaavoryzae), as well as known endophytes (Bradyrhizobium spp.). Additionally, PLS analysis allowed us to explore the relationship of developmental stage with species, microbial functions, and genes. Many of the community functions and genes observed during the heading stage were representative of cell growth (e.g., carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism), while functions correlated with physiological maturity were indicative of cell decay. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that microbial communities exist whose metabolic and gene functions correspond to plant biomass traits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-2818
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/d13030125
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518137-3
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  • 10
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    Cotton Genotypic Variability for Transpiration Decrease with Progressive Soil Drying
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-31), p. 1290-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-31), p. 1290-
    Abstract: Drought is a major abiotic stress factor limiting cotton yield. It is important to identify the genotypes that can conserve water under drought stress conditions and improve yield. The objective of the current study was to evaluate cotton genotypes for water conservation traits, i.e., high FTSW (Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water) threshold for transpiration. Plants utilize water slowly by declining transpiration at high FTSW and conserving soil water, which can be used by the plant later in the growing season to improve yield. Fifteen cotton varieties were selected based on their differences in transpiration response to elevated vapor pressure deficit (VPD) to study drought responses. Two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse to determine the FTSW threshold for the transpiration rate as the soil dried. A significant variation (p 〈 0.01) in the FTSW threshold values for transpiration decline was observed, ranging from 0.35 to 0.60 among cotton cultivars. Genotypes with high FTSW thresholds also displayed low transpiration under well-watered conditions. Further studies with four selected genotype contrasts in FTSW threshold values for transpiration showed differences (p 〈 0.05 to 0.001) in gas exchange parameters and water potentials. This study demonstrated that there are alternate traits among the cotton genotypes for enhancing soil water conservation to improve yield under water-limited conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091290
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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