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  • MDPI AG  (58)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spurious Absorption Frequency Appearance Due to Frequency Conversion Processes in Pulsed THz TDS Problems
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sensors Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2020-03-27), p. 1859-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2020-03-27), p. 1859-
    Abstract: The appearance of the spurious absorption frequencies caused by the frequency conversion process at the broadband THz pulse propagation in a medium is theoretically and experimentally discussed. The spurious absorption frequencies appear due to both the frequency doubling and generation of waves with sum or difference frequency. Such generation might occur because of the nonlinear response of a medium or its non-instantaneous response. This phenomenon is confirmed by the results of a few physical experiments provided with the THz CW signals and broadband THz pulses that are transmitted through the ordinary or dangerous substances. A high correlation between the time-dependent spectral intensities for the basic frequency and generated frequencies is demonstrated while using the computer simulation results. This feature of the frequency conversion might be used for the detection and identification of a substance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s20071859
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Highly Selective Bioconversion of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Compound K by the Mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis under Optimized Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  Molecules Vol. 20, No. 10 ( 2015-10-23), p. 19291-19309
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 10 ( 2015-10-23), p. 19291-19309
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019291
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Investigation of Rice Yields and Critical N Losses from Paddy Soil under Different N Fertilization Rates with Iron Application
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 14 ( 2022-07-17), p. 8707-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 14 ( 2022-07-17), p. 8707-
    Abstract: The application of iron powder stimulated the growth of iron-reducing bacteria as a respiratory substrate and enhanced their nitrogen (N)-fixing activity in flooded paddy soils. High N fertilization (urea) in the flooded paddy soils has caused adverse environmental impacts such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. This study aims to investigate the effects of N fertilization rates in combination with an iron amendment on rice yields and N losses from flooded paddy fields. We performed a 2-year field plot experiment with traditional rice–wheat rotation in China’s Yangtze River Delta. The investigation consisted of seven treatments, including 100%, 80%, 60%, and 0% of the conventional N (urea and commercial organic manure) fertilization rate, and 80%, 60%, and 0% of the conventional N with the iron powder (≥99% purity) amendment. The rice yields decreased with a reduction in the conventional N fertilization rate, whereas they were comparable after the iron application under the 80% and 60% conventional N rate. The critical N losses, including NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, and NO3− and NH4+ leaching, generally decreased with a reduction in the conventional N fertilization rate. These N losses were significantly greater after the iron amendment compared with the non-amended treatments under the 80% and 60% conventional N fertilization rate in the first rice-growing season. However, it was comparable between the iron-amended and the non-amended treatments in the second season. Furthermore, NO3− leaching was the most significant N loss throughout the two rice seasons, followed by NH3 volatilization. The iron amendment significantly increased soil Fe2+ content compared with the non-amended treatments irrespective of N fertilization, suggesting the reduction of amended iron by iron-reducing bacteria and their simultaneous N fixation. A combination of the iron application with 60–80% of the conventional N fertilization rate could maintain rice yields similar to the conventional N fertilization rate while reducing the critical N losses in the flooded paddy field tested in this study. Our study leads to the establishment of novel and practical rice cultivation, which is a step towards the development of green agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148707
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of the Differential Effect of City-Level on the Gini Coefficient of Health Service Delivery in Online Health Community
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 16, No. 13 ( 2019-06-29), p. 2314-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 13 ( 2019-06-29), p. 2314-
    Abstract: Inequality of health services for different specialty categories not only occurs in different areas in the world, but also happens in the online service platform. In the online health community (OHC), health services often display inequality for different specialty categories, including both online views and medical consultations for offline registered services. Moreover, how the city-level factors impact the inequality of health services in OHC is still unknown. We designed a causal inference study with data on distributions of serviced patients and online views in over 100 distinct specialty categories on one of the largest OHCs in China. To derive the causal effect of the city-levels (two levels inducing 1 and 0) on the Gini coefficient, we matched the focus cases in cities with rich healthcare resources with the potential control cities. For each of the specialty categories, we first estimated the average treatment effect of the specialty category’s Gini coefficient (SCGini) with the balanced covariates. For the Gini coefficient of online views, the average treatment effect of level-1 cities is 0.573, which is 0.016 higher than that of the matched group. Similarly, for the Gini coefficient of serviced patients, the average treatment effect of level-1 cities is 0.470, which is 0.029 higher than that of the matched group. The results support the argument that the total Gini coefficient of the doctors in OHCs shows that the inequality in health services is still very serious. This study contributes to the development of a theoretically grounded understanding of the causal effect of city-level factors on the inequality of health services in an online to offline health service setting. In the future, heterogeneous results should be considered for distinct groups of doctors who provide different combinations of online contributions and online attendance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132314
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Associations between Psychosocial Variables, Availability of Physical Activity Resources in Neighborhood Environment, and Out-of-School Physical Activity among Chinese Adolescents
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18, No. 12 ( 2021-06-21), p. 6643-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 12 ( 2021-06-21), p. 6643-
    Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between psychosocial variables (peer support, parental support, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation), availability of physical activity resources in a neighborhood environment, and out-of-school moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among Chinese adolescents. The questionnaire of Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study was used to collect information on demographics, socioeconomic status, psychosocial variables, available physical activity resources in the neighborhood environment, and minutes of out-of-school MVPA. ANOVA analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed. The mean age of the 3833 adolescents included in our analysis was 14.7 years old (SD = 1.7). Peer support (b = 9.35, 95% CI: 7.55–11.15), autonomous motivation (b = 6.46, 95% CI: 4.09–8.82), parental support (b = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.75–6.07), and availability of physical activity resources in neighborhood environment (b = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.99–4.36) were significantly associated with out-of-school MVPA (p 〈 0.05). Controlled motivation was insignificantly related to minutes of out-of-school MVPA. Boys spent more time on out-of-school MVPA than girls (p 〈 0.001) and had a high level of peer support, parental support, and motivation (p 〈 0.05). Our findings suggest that interventions targeting the out-of-school MVPA among Chinese adolescents should focus on the psychosocial variables and neighborhood environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126643
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 6
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    Chemosensory Gene Families in the Oligophagous Pear Pest Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Insects Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2019-06-17), p. 175-
    Details
    In: Insects, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2019-06-17), p. 175-
    Abstract: Chemosensory systems play an important role in insect behavior, and some key associated genes have potential as novel targets for pest control. Cacopsylla chinensis is an oligophagous pest and has become one of the main pests of pear trees, but little is known about the molecular-level means by which it locates its hosts. In this study, we assembled the head transcriptome of C. chinensis using Illumina sequencing, and 63,052 Unigenes were identified. A total of 36 candidate chemosensory genes were identified, including five different families: 12 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 11 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 7 odorant receptors (ORs), 4 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 2 gustatory receptors (GRs). The number of chemosensory gene families is consistent with that found in other Hemipteran species, indicating that our approach successfully obtained the chemosensory genes of C. chinensis. The tissue expression of all genes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) found that some genes displayed male head, female head, or nymph-biased specific/expression. Our results enrich the gene inventory of C. chinensis and provide valuable resources for the analysis of the functions of some key genes. This will help in developing molecular targets for disrupting feeding behavior in C. chinensis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/insects10060175
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662247-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Perceived Parental Attitudes Are Indirectly Associated with Consumption of Junk Foods and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among Chinese Adolescents through Home Food Environment and Autonomous Motivation: A Path Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2021-09-27), p. 3403-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2021-09-27), p. 3403-
    Abstract: This study aimed to use path analysis to determine the association between perceived parental attitudes toward restricting junk food (JF)/sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and JF/SSB consumption among Chinese adolescents, and whether JF/SSB availability in the home environment and autonomous motivation of adolescents mediated the association. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using questionnaires adapted from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study to collect data on 3819 participants with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.7). Spearman correlations and path analysis were performed. It was found that perceived parental attitudes were not directly associated with adolescents’ JF/SSB consumption frequency, but indirectly related to them through JF/SSB availability in the home environment and autonomous motivation of adolescents. When parents held a less positive attitude toward JF/SSB consumption and kept less JFs/SSBs at home, youth displayed more autonomous motivation for restricting JF/SSB intake and consumed fewer JFs/SSBs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu13103403
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 8
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    Metallogenic Epoch and Tectonic Setting of Saima Niobium Deposit in Fengcheng, Liaoning Province, NE China
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Minerals Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2019-01-29), p. 80-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2019-01-29), p. 80-
    Abstract: The Saima deposit is a newly discovered niobium deposit which is located in the eastern of Liaoning Province, NE China. Its mineralization age and geochemical characteristics are firstly reported in this study. The Nb orebodies are hosted by the grey–brown to grass-green aegirine nepheline syenite. Detailed petrographical studies show that the syenite consists of orthoclase (~50%), nepheline (~30%), biotite (~15%) and minor arfvedsonite (~3%) and aegirine (~2%), with weak hydrothermal alteration dominated by silicification. In situ LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the aegirine nepheline syenite was emplaced in the Late Triassic (229.5 ± 2.2 Ma), which is spatially, temporally and genetically related to Nb mineralization. These aegirine nepheline syenites have SiO2 contents in the range of 55.86–63.80 wt. %, low TiO2 contents of 0.36–0.64 wt. %, P2O5 contents of 0.04–0.11 wt. % and Al2O3 contents of more than 15 wt. %. They are characterized by relatively high (K2O + Na2O) values of 9.72–15.51 wt. %, K2O/Na2O ratios of 2.42–3.64 wt. % and Rittmann indexes (σ = [ω(K2O + Na2O)]2/[ω(SiO2 − 43)] ) of 6.84–17.10, belonging to the high-K peralkaline, metaluminous type. These syenites are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g., Cs, Rb and Ba) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) and relatively depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs, e.g., Nb, Zr and Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with transitional elements showing an obvious W-shaped distribution pattern. Based on these geochronological and geochemical features, we propose that the ore-forming intrusion associated with the Nb mineralization was formed under post-collision continental-rift setting, which is consistent with the tectonic regime of post-collision between the North China Craton and Paleo-Asian oceanic plate during the age in Ma for Indosinian (257–205 Ma). Intensive magmatic and metallogenic events resulted from partial melting of lithospheric mantle occurred during the post-collisional rifting, resulting in the development of large-scale Cu–Mo mineralization and rare earth deposits in the eastern part of Liaoning Province.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min9020080
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655947-X
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  • 9
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    Abundance and Niche Differentiation of Comammox in the Sludges of Wastewater Treatment Plants That Use the Anaerobic–Anoxic–Aerobic Process
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Life Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-06-24), p. 954-
    Details
    In: Life, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-06-24), p. 954-
    Abstract: Complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox), which directly oxidize ammonia to nitrate, were recently identified and found to be ubiquitous in artificial systems. Research on the abundance and niche differentiation of comammox in the sludges of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) would be useful for improving the nitrogen removal efficiency of WWTPs. Here, we investigated the relative abundance and diversity of comammox in fifteen sludges of five WWTPs that use the anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process in Jinan, China, via quantitative polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ammonia monooxygenase gene. In the activated sludges in the WWTPs, comammox clade A.1 was widely distributed and mostly comprised Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa-like comammox ( 〉 98% of all comammox). The proportion of this clade was negatively correlated (p 〈 0.01) with the dissolved oxygen (DO) level (1.7–8 mg/L), and slight pH changes (7.20–7.70) affected the structure of the comammox populations. Nitrospira lineage I frequently coexisted with Nitrosomonas, which generally had a significant positive correlation (p 〈 0.05) with the DO level. Our study provided an insight into the structure of comammox and other nitrifier populations in WWTPs that use the anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process, broadening the knowledge about the effects of DO on comammox and other nitrifiers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1729
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/life12070954
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662250-6
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  • 10
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    New Indole Glycosides from Aesculus chinensis var. chekiangensis and Their Neuroprotective Activities
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Molecules Vol. 24, No. 22 ( 2019-11-09), p. 4063-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 22 ( 2019-11-09), p. 4063-
    Abstract: The dried seeds of Aesculus chinensis Bge. var. chekiangensis (Hu et Fang) Fang, called “Suo Luo Zi”, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Nevertheless, most studies have been focused on components of less polarity fractions. In this research, twelve indoles, including six new indole glycosides (1–6) as well as six known analogs were isolated from the polar portion which has been seldom studied. This is the first description of N-glucosylated indoles obtained from the genus of Aesculus. Structures of the new compounds (1–6) were elucidated based on comprehensive interpretation of HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. Additionally, the neuroprotective activities of the N-glucosylated indoles were evaluated for the first time indicating that compounds 1–5 and 9–10 exhibited moderate neuroprotective activities. Further cytotoxicity tests of isolates 1–10 on three human tumor cell lines suggested that none of these compounds were cytotoxic (IC50 〉 50 μM).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224063
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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