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  • MDPI AG  (13)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Morphological and Biochemical Factors Associated with Constitutive Defense to Thrips in Alfalfa
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-05-13), p. 1175-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-05-13), p. 1175-
    Abstract: Plants have evolved a series of inducible or constitutive defense mechanisms in response to herbivore attack. Constitutive plant defenses are morphological and biochemical traits of the plants themselves, regardless of the presence of herbivores. We bred an alfalfa variety (Caoyuan No.4) with high thrips resistance, but the mechanisms underlying Caoyuan No.4 resistance to thrips are not well understood. To explore the constitutive defense of Caoyuan No.4, the morphological and biochemical traits associated with constitutive defense to thrips in alfalfa were analyzed using a thrips-susceptible alfalfa accession (Caoyuan No.2) as a control. The results showed that Caoyuan No.4 had thicker palisade tissue and parenchyma tissue, wider collenchyma, phloem, cambium and lignin layer, and smaller epidermal cells and stomatal aperture compared to Caoyuan No.2. Moreover, Caoyuan No.4 showed more non-glandular trichomes in both leaves and stems, but less glandular trichomes and more wax in stems. In addition, the results of the widely targeted metabolomics analysis showed that metabolites related to flavonoid, isoflavonoid, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, as well as cysteine and methionine metabolism, differed between CaoyuanNo.2 and Caoyuan No.4. These findings shed new light on the constitutive insect defense of plants associated with physical or biochemical traits and may provide convenient markers for breeding thrips-resistant alfalfa cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12051175
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Full Stokes Polarization Imaging Based on Broadband Liquid Crystal Polarization Gratings
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Crystals Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2022-12-26), p. 38-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2022-12-26), p. 38-
    Abstract: A method for full Stokes polarization imaging based on broadband liquid crystal polarization grating (LCPG) is presented. Firstly, the properties of the LCPG-based polarization detection module, which consists of a phase retarder and a broadband polarization grating in series, were investigated by means of Stokes calculus. The relationship between the polarization state of the incidence and the efficiencies of the diffractions was derived. Then, the azimuth parameters of the polarization detection module were optimized by using an equally weighted variance (EWV) evaluation criterion. Finally, the detection of the linearly and arbitrarily polarized laser beam and a linearly polarized broadband object were experimentally verified. The proposed method provides the design of polarization imaging systems based on LCPGs and has the advantages of compact structure, and broad wavelength coverage, therefore offering potential applications for image polarization information acquisition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst13010038
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
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    The Calibration Methods of Geometric Parameters of Crystal for Mid-Infrared Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter-Based Imaging Systems Design
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2023-03-14), p. 2341-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2023-03-14), p. 2341-
    Abstract: AOTF calibration is a complex topic that has various aspects. As far as geometric calibration is concerned, it includes not only processing errors and fixing errors in the optical system, but also the error of geometric parameters of crystal (GPC). GPC is the preset input in the optical design and optimization of Zemax, which determines the key parameters, including the spatial resolution, the field of view, and aberration. In particular, the compensation of aberration during the optical design requires accurate values of GPC. However, it is currently considered ideal. Therefore, two calibration methods based on the principle of parallel tangent are proposed: (1) the minimum-central wavelength method; (2) the minimum-frequency method. The deviation of the parallel tangent incident angle calibrated by the two methods is 0.03°. As a result, the tuning curve calculated in theory with the calibrated geometric parameters of AOTF is consistent with the tuning curve measured in practice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16062341
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 4
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    Calibration of Acousto-Optic Interaction Geometry Based on the Analysis of AOTF Angular Performance
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 10 ( 2023-05-13), p. 3708-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 10 ( 2023-05-13), p. 3708-
    Abstract: Acousto-optic interaction geometry determines the spectral and spatial response of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). The precise calibration of the acousto-optic interaction geometry of the device is a necessary process before designing and optimizing optical systems. In this paper, we develop a novel calibration method based on the polar angular performance of an AOTF. A commercial AOTF device with unknown geometry parameters was experimentally calibrated. The experimental results show high precision, in some cases falling within 0.01°. In addition, we analyzed the parameter sensitivity and Monte Carlo tolerance of the calibration method. The results of the parameter sensitivity analysis show that the principal refractive index has a large influence on the calibration results, while other factors have little influence. The results of the Monte Carlo tolerance analysis show that the probability of the results falling 0.1° using this method is greater than 99.7%. This work provides an accurate and easy-to-perform method for AOTF crystal calibration and can contribute to the characteristic analysis of AOTFs and the optical design of spectral imaging systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16103708
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Design and Test of Soil–Fertilizer Collision Mixing and Mulching Device for Manure Deep Application Machine
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-18), p. 709-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-18), p. 709-
    Abstract: Aiming at the problems of low uniformity and utilization rate in the traditional deep application method of orchard manure, a soil–fertilizer collision mixing and mulching device was designed. The ditching mechanism, the structure of the soil divider, and the fertilizer delivery auger were analyzed and designed. Furthermore, with the rotational speed of the cutter and auger and the deflection angle of the soil divider as factors, as well as the uniformity of soil–fertilizer mixing and mulching as evaluation indexes, the discrete element simulation tests were conducted. The simulation results showed that when the turret speed, the stirrer speed and the soil separator deflection angle were 140 r/min, 146 r/min and 22°, the mixing uniformity and mulching uniformity were the highest, which was 88.35% and 96.86%, respectively. Based on the optimal parameters, the field test was conducted, and the soil–fertilizer mixing uniformity was 87.02%, with a relative error of 1.33% compared with the simulation test results. The relative error of 94.37% of mulch uniformity is 2.49%, which indicates that the simulation optimization results are reliable and the mixing performance of the device is good and can meet the requirements of soil–fertilizer mixing operation. The results of this study can provide an important reference for the design of the soil and fertilizer mixing machine.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13030709
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 6
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    Shear Behavior of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Materials Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2018-10-18), p. 2023-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2018-10-18), p. 2023-
    Abstract: Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) is based on a multilevel-reinforcement material design that improves both the compressive strength and tensile strength. Investigations of the mechanical performance of HFRC with two types of steel fibers were conducted experimentally. The investigated parameters were the volume fractions of the short steel fibers and long steel fibers. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the HFRC were researched. The group with volume fractions of 1.5% for the long steel fibers and 0.5% for the short steel fibers exhibited the best flexural strength. The synergetic effect clearly was improved by combining different types of steel fiber. Four HFRC deep beams and one reinforced concrete (RC) deep beam were conducted to consider the shear behavior of these beams. The primary variables included the volume fraction of steel fibers and the web reinforcement ratio. The shear behavior was evaluated based on the cracking pattern, load-deflection behavior, and shear capacity. All of the beams failed due to the formation of diagonal cracks. The results indicated that hybrid fibers contribute greatly to the shear behavior of deep beams. The hybrid fibers led to the formation of multiple diagonal cracks in the deep beams and enhanced the damage tolerance. With the same web reinforcement ratio, the ultimate load and deformation of the HFRC deep beams were better than those of the RC deep beam.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma11102023
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Polarization-Multiplexed High-Throughput AOTF-Based Spectral Imaging System
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2023-06-08), p. 4243-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2023-06-08), p. 4243-
    Abstract: Spectral imaging detection using acousto-optical tunable filters (AOTFs) faces a significant challenge of low throughput due to the traditional design that only receives a single polarization light. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel polarization multiplexing design and eliminate the need for crossed polarizers in the system. Our design allows for simultaneous collection of ±1 order light from the AOTF device, resulting in a more than two-fold increase in system throughput. Our analysis and experimental results validate the effectiveness of our design in improving system throughput and enhancing the imaging signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by approximately 8 dB. In addition, AOTF devices used in polarization multiplexing applications require optimized crystal geometry parameter design that does not follow the parallel tangent principle. This paper proposes an optimization strategy for arbitrary AOTF devices which can achieve similar spectral effects. The implications of this work are significant for target detection applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16124243
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 8
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    Fabrication of Graphitized Carbon Fibers from Fusible Lignin and Their Application in Supercapacitors
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Polymers Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-19), p. 1947-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-19), p. 1947-
    Abstract: Lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) with graphitized structures decorated on their surfaces were successfully prepared using the simultaneous catalyst loading and chemical stabilization of melt-spun lignin fibers, followed by quick carbonization functionalized as catalytic graphitization. This technique not only enables surficial graphitized LCF preparation at a relatively low temperature of 1200 °C but also avoids additional treatments used in conventional carbon fiber production. The LCFs were then used as electrode materials in a supercapacitor assembly. Electrochemical measurements confirmed that LCF-0.4, a sample with a relatively low specific surface area of 89.9 m2 g−1, exhibited the best electrochemical properties. The supercapacitor with LCF-0.4 had a specific capacitance of 10.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, a power density of 869.5 W kg−1, an energy density of 15.7 Wh kg−1, and a capacitance retention of 100% after 1500 cycles, even without activation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym15081947
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Comparative Serum Proteome Analysis Indicates a Negative Correlation between a Higher Immune Level and Feed Efficiency in Pigs
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2023-05-10), p. 338-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2023-05-10), p. 338-
    Abstract: Identifying and verifying appropriate biomarkers is instrumental in improving the prediction of early-stage pig production performance while reducing the cost of breeding and production. The main factor that affects the production cost and environmental protection cost of the pig industry is the feed efficiency of pigs. This study aimed to detect the differentially expressed proteins in the early blood index determination serum between high-feed efficiency and low-feed efficiency pigs and to provide a basis for further identification of biomarkers using the isobaric tandem mass tag and parallel reaction monitoring approach. In total, 350 (age, 90 ± 2 d; body weight, 41.20 ± 4.60 kg) purebred Yorkshire pigs were included in the study, and their serum samples were obtained during the early blood index determination. The pigs were then arranged based on their feed efficiency; 24 pigs with extreme phenotypes were grouped as high-feed efficiency and low-feed efficiency, with 12 pigs in each group. A total of 1364 proteins were found in the serum, and 137 of them showed differential expression between the groups with high- and low-feed efficiency, with 44 of them being upregulated and 93 being downregulated. PRM (parallel reaction monitoring) was used to verify 10 randomly chosen differentially expressed proteins. The proteins that were differentially expressed were shown to be involved in nine pathways, including the immune system, digestive system, human diseases, metabolism, cellular processing, and genetic information processing, according to the KEGG and GO analyses. Moreover, all of the proteins enriched in the immune system were downregulated in the high-feed efficiency pigs, suggesting that a higher immune level may not be conducive to improving feed efficiency in pigs. This study provides insights into the important feed efficiency proteins and pathways in pigs, promoting the further development of protein biomarkers for predicting and improving porcine feed efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050338
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 10
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    Fast Tunable Biological Fluorescence Detection Device with Integrable Liquid Crystal Filter
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Crystals Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2021-03-10), p. 272-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2021-03-10), p. 272-
    Abstract: Detecting a variety of biological samples accurately and swiftly in an integrated way is of great practical significance. Currently, biofluorescent spectrum detection still largely relies on microscopic spectrometers. In this study, we propose an integrable method to detect biofluorescent spectrums with designed liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), in order to identify typical biological samples such as cells and bacteria. Hela cells labeled with red and green fluorescent proteins and Pseudomonas with fluorescence wavelengths of 610 nm, 509 nm and 450 nm, respectively, are inspected. High-resolution (6 μm) biofluorescent results have been achieved, together with clear images of the Hela cell clusters and the Pseudomonas bacteria colonies. Biofluorescence signals can be detected at a high transmittance (above 80%), and the response time of the device can reach 20 ms or below. The proposed method has the potential to be integrated into a microfluidic system to detect and identify the biofluorescent signals as a high throughput, low-cost option, for both high resolution and large field observation applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst11030272
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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