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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating versus Standard Dietary Advice on Weight, Metabolic Health and the Consumption of Processed Food: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial in Community-Based Adults
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2021-03-23), p. 1042-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2021-03-23), p. 1042-
    Abstract: Weight loss is key to controlling the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components, i.e., central obesity, hypertension, prediabetes and dyslipidaemia. The goals of our study were two-fold. First, we characterised the relationships between eating duration, unprocessed and processed food consumption and metabolic health. During 4 weeks of observation, 213 adults used a smartphone application to record food and drink consumption, which was annotated for food processing levels following the NOVA classification. Low consumption of unprocessed food and low physical activity showed significant associations with multiple MS components. Second, in a pragmatic randomised controlled trial, we compared the metabolic benefits of 12 h time-restricted eating (TRE) to standard dietary advice (SDA) in 54 adults with an eating duration 〉 14 h and at least one MS component. After 6 months, those randomised to TRE lost 1.6% of initial body weight (SD 2.9, p = 0.01), compared to the absence of weight loss with SDA (−1.1%, SD 3.5, p = 0.19). There was no significant difference in weight loss between TRE and SDA (between-group difference −0.88%, 95% confidence interval −3.1 to 1.3, p = 0.43). Our results show the potential of smartphone records to predict metabolic health and highlight that further research is needed to improve individual responses to TRE such as a shorter eating window or its actual clock time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu13031042
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Time-Restricted Eating Improves Quality of Life Measures in Overweight Humans
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 1430-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 1430-
    Abstract: Time-restricted eating (TRE) reduces weight in humans, but its effects on quality of life have not been well characterized. By performing a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, we examined the effects of TRE (12-week intervention, 8 h eating window) vs. non-TRE (unrestricted eating) on quality of life (QoL) measures. Twenty subjects with overweight and prolonged eating window (mean (SD): 15.4 h (0.9)) were randomized to either 12 weeks of TRE (8 h eating window: (n = 11)) or non-TRE (n = 9). QoL data were collected with the 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36) pre- and post-intervention. Given a two-way ANOVA model and post-hoc t-test analysis, the TRE group improved limitations due to emotional health post-intervention: +97.0 (10.0)) vs. baseline: +66.7 (42.2) (p = 0.02) and perceived change in health over the last year end intervention: +68.2 (16.2) vs. baseline: +52.3 (23.6) (p = 0.001) relative to baseline. The TRE group improved limitations due to emotional health TRE: +97.0 (10.0) vs. non-TRE: +55.6 (44.1) (p = 0.05) and perceived change in health (TRE: +68.2 (16.2) vs. non-TRE: +44.4 (31.6) (p = 0.04) relative to the non-TRE group at post-intervention (p 〈 0.025). In conclusion, 12 weeks of TRE does not adversely affect QoL and may be associated with modest improvements in QoL relative to baseline and unrestricted eating; these findings support future studies examining TRE compliance and durability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu13051430
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pilot Clinical Trial of Time-Restricted Eating in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-24), p. 346-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-24), p. 346-
    Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and erratic eating patterns are associated with circadian rhythm disruption which contributes to an increased cardiometabolic risks. Restricting eating period (time-restricted eating, TRE) can restore robust circadian rhythms and improve cardiometabolic health. We describe a protocol of the Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic and Neuroendocrine homeostasis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress (TREMNIOS) pilot clinical trial in Polish adult patients with MetS and eating period of ≥14 h/day. The study aims to test the feasibility of TRE intervention and methodology for evaluating its efficacy for improving metabolic, neuroendocrine, inflammatory, oxidative stress and cardiac biomarkers, and daily rhythms of behavior for such population. Participants will apply 10-h TRE over a 12-week monitored intervention followed by a 12-week self-directed intervention. Changes in eating window, body weight and composition, biomarkers, and rhythms of behavior will be evaluated. Dietary intake, sleep, activity and wellbeing will be monitored with the myCircadianClock application and questionnaires. Adherence to TRE defined as the proportion of days recorded with app during the monitored intervention in which participants satisfied 10-h TRE is the primary outcome. TREMNIOS will also provide an exploratory framework to depict post-TRE changes in cardiometabolic outcomes and behavior rhythms. This protocol extends previous TRE-related protocols by targeting European population with diagnosed MetS and including long-term intervention, validated tools for monitoring dietary intake and adherence, and comprehensive range of biomarkers. TREMNIOS trial will lay the groundwork for a large-scale randomized controlled trial to determine TRE efficacy for improving cardiometabolic health in MetS population.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu13020346
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Time-Restricted Eating for 12 Weeks Does Not Adversely Alter Bone Turnover in Overweight Adults
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2021-03-31), p. 1155-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2021-03-31), p. 1155-
    Abstract: Weight loss is a major focus of research and public health efforts. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is shown to be effective for weight loss, but the impact on bone is unclear. Short-term TRE studies show no effect on bone mineral density (BMD), but no study has measured bone turnover markers. This secondary analysis examined the effect of 12 weeks of TRE vs. unrestricted eating on bone turnover and BMD. Overweight and obese adults aged 18–65 y (n = 20) were randomized to TRE (ad libitum 8-h eating window) or non-TRE. Serum N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were taken pre- and post-intervention. In both groups, P1NP decreased significantly (p = 0.04) but trended to a greater decrease in the non-TRE group (p = 0.07). The treatment time interaction for bone mineral content (BMC) was significant (p = 0.02), such that BMC increased in the TRE group and decreased in the non-TRE group. Change in P1NP was inversely correlated with change in weight (p = 0.04) overall, but not within each group. These findings suggest that TRE does not adversely affect bone over a moderate timeframe. Further research should examine the long-term effects of TRE on bone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu13041155
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temporal Eating Patterns and Eating Windows among Adults with Overweight or Obesity
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-12-15), p. 4485-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-12-15), p. 4485-
    Abstract: We aim to describe temporal eating patterns in a population of adults with overweight or obesity. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were combined from two separate pilot studies during which participants entered the timing of all eating occasions ( 〉 0 kcals) for 10–14 days. Data were aggregated to determine total eating occasions, local time of the first and last eating occasions, eating window, eating midpoint, and within-person variability of eating patterns. Eating patterns were compared between sexes, as well as between weekday and weekends. Participants (n = 85) had a median age of 56 ± 19 years, were mostly female ( 〉 70%), white (56.5%), and had a BMI of 31.8 ± 8.0 kg/m2. The median eating window was 14 h 04 min [12 h 57 min–15 h 21 min], which was significantly shorter on the weekend compared to weekdays (p 〈 0.0001). Only 13.1% of participants had an eating window 〈 12 h/d. Additionally, there was greater irregularity with the first eating occasion during the week when compared to the weekend (p = 0.0002). In conclusion, adults with overweight or obesity have prolonged eating windows ( 〉 14 h/d). Future trials should examine the contribution of a prolonged eating window on adiposity independent of energy intake.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu13124485
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Time-Restricted Eating Alters Food Intake Patterns, as Prospectively Documented by a Smartphone Application
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2020-11-05), p. 3396-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2020-11-05), p. 3396-
    Abstract: Time-restricted eating (TRE) can facilitate weight loss, yet its effect on eating patterns remains unknown. Twenty adults with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 underwent a 12-week randomized trial, examining the effect of an 8-h, time-restricted eating intervention on dietary patterns. Oral intake was documented using a smartphone. Dietary patterns, assessed as frequency of eating occasions (EOs) and types of meals/snacks and beverages, were compared between baseline (T0), early-intervention (T1), and end-intervention (T2). At T1 and T2, both groups had less EOs compared to T0, with greater reduction seen in the TRE group (−28%) than the non-TRE group (−12%) at T2 (p = 0.01 vs. non-TRE). Comparing T1 to T0, the TRE group documented less incomplete meals (−32.5%: p = 0.02), high quality snacks (−23.6%: p = 0.03), and low quality snacks (−36.6%: p = 0.004). Comparing T2 to T0, the TRE group documented less incomplete meals (−33.9%: p = 0.03), high quality snacks (−28.1%: p 〈 0.001) and low quality snacks (−51.2%: p 〈 0.001). Caffeinated beverage intake was reduced in the TRE group at T1 (−20.2%) and T2 (−28.8%) vs. T0, but remained unaltered in the non-TRE group. By using a smartphone application to document dietary intake, TRE significantly reduced the number of EOs, snacks, and caffeinated beverages, relative to baseline and relative to the non-TRE.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu12113396
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Smartphone Intervention to Promote Time Restricted Eating Reduces Body Weight and Blood Pressure in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Pilot Study
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-06-23), p. 2148-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-06-23), p. 2148-
    Abstract: The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of time restricted eating (TRE) in adults with overweight and obesity. Participants (n = 50) logged all eating occasions ( 〉 0 kcal) for a 2-week run-in period using a smartphone application. Participants with eating duration ≥14 h enrolled in an open label, non-randomized, prospective 90-day TRE intervention, with a self-selected reduced eating window of 10 h. No dietary counseling was provided. Changes in anthropometrics, eating patterns and adherence after TRE were analyzed using t-tests or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test. The mean duration of the baseline eating window was 14 h 32 m ± 2 h 36 m (n = 50) with 56% of participants with duration ≥14 h. TRE participants (n = 16) successfully decreased their eating window from 16 h 04 m ± 1 h 24 m to 11 h 54 m ± 2 h 06 m (p 〈 0.001), and reduced the number of daily eating occasions by half (p 〈 0.001). Adherence to logging and to the reduced eating window was 64% ± 22% and 47% ± 19%, respectively. TRE resulted in decreases in body weight (−2.1 ± 3.0 kg, p = 0.017), waist circumference (−2.2 ± 4.6 cm, p = 0.002) and systolic blood pressure (−12 ± 11 mmHg, p = 0.002). This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of TRE administered via a smartphone, in adults with overweight and obesity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu13072148
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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