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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Distribution and Control of Bacterial Community Composition in Marian Cove Surface Waters, King George Island, Antarctica during the Summer of 2018
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 8, No. 8 ( 2020-07-24), p. 1115-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 8 ( 2020-07-24), p. 1115-
    Abstract: Marian Cove is experiencing some of the most rapid environmental changes in the Antarctic region; however, little is known about the response of bacterial communities to these changes. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial variation of physical–biogeochemical–bacterial community features in the Marian Cove surface waters and the environmental parameters governing the spatial variation in the bacterial community composition during the summer of 2018. The Marian Cove surface waters are largely composed of two different characteristics of water masses: relatively low-temperature, -salinity, and -nutrient surface glacier water (named SGW) and relatively high-temperature, -salinity, and -nutrient surface Maxwell Bay water (named SMBW). The SGW bacterial communities were dominated by unclassified Cryomorphaceae, Sedimenticola, and Salibacter genera, while the SMBW bacterial communities were dominated by Sulfitobacter, Arcobacter, and Odoribacter genera. Spatial variations in bacterial community composition were mainly attributed to physical and biogeochemical characteristics, suggesting that the bacterial community composition of the Marian Cove surface waters is mainly determined by environmental characteristics. These findings provide a foundation to improve the understanding of bacterial community variations in response to a rapidly changing Marian Cove in the Antarctic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081115
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 2
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    A Deep Learning Ensemble Method to Visual Acuity Measurement Using Fundus Images
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2022-03-21), p. 3190-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2022-03-21), p. 3190-
    Abstract: Visual acuity (VA) is a measure of the ability to distinguish shapes and details of objects at a given distance and is a measure of the spatial resolution of the visual system. Vision is one of the basic health indicators closely related to a person’s quality of life. It is one of the first basic tests done when an eye disease develops. VA is usually measured by using a Snellen chart or E-chart from a specific distance. However, in some cases, such as the unconsciousness of patients or diseases, i.e., dementia, it can be impossible to measure the VA using such traditional chart-based methodologies. This paper provides a machine learning-based VA measurement methodology that determines VA only based on fundus images. In particular, the levels of VA, conventionally divided into 11 levels, are grouped into four classes and three machine learning algorithms, one SVM model and two CNN models, are combined into an ensemble method in order to predict the corresponding VA level from a fundus image. Based on a performance evaluation conducted using randomly selected 4000 fundus images, we confirm that our ensemble method can estimate with 82.4% of the average accuracy for four classes of VA levels, in which each class of Class 1 to Class 4 identifies the level of VA with 88.5%, 58.8%, 88%, and 94.3%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper on VA measurements based on fundus images using deep machine learning.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12063190
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
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    Comparison of Flavonoid Profiles in Sprouts of Radiation Breeding Wheat Lines (Triticum aestivum L.)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2020-10-01), p. 1489-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2020-10-01), p. 1489-
    Abstract: Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae), one of the most popular food crops worldwide, contains basic and essential nutrients and various health benefiting phytochemicals. Among them, flavonoids have attracted significant interest owing to their various health-promoting properties. In this study, 35 wheat mutant lines were developed via gamma-irradiated mutation breeding from the original cultivar. The effects of radiation breeding on the endogenous phytochemical production in the sprouts of these mutant lines were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESIMS) with multivariate analysis for the first time in this study. Fourteen characteristic peaks, including eleven flavone C-glycosides, two flavone O-glycosides, and one flavone, were identified. In addition, the contents of three flavone C-glycosides, namely, isoschaftoside, isoorientin, and isoscoparin, in 37 wheat sprout samples from the original cultivar, certificated cultivar, and the mutant lines were determined. A heat map combined with hierarchical clustering showed variation in the relative content for the flavonoids between the 37 wheat sprout samples, clustering into three groups. On principal component analysis scores scatter and loading plots, significant differences in the levels of flavonoids were found between the samples and several markers responsible for group separation were detected. These results provide a scientific reference for the phytochemical variation in wheat mutant lines, thereby aiding in further mutation mechanism studies and for the quality control of the improved wheat cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10101489
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
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    Chemical and Biological Profiles of Dendrobium in Two Different Species, Their Hybrid, and Gamma-Irradiated Mutant Lines of the Hybrid Based on LC-QToF MS and Cytotoxicity Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Plants Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2021-07-05), p. 1376-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2021-07-05), p. 1376-
    Abstract: The Dendrobium species (Orchidaceae) has been cultivated as an ornamental plant as well as used in traditional medicines. In this study, the chemical profiles of Dendrobii Herba, used as herbal medicine, Dendrobium in two different species, their hybrid, and the gamma-irradiated mutant lines of the hybrid, were systematically investigated via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF MS). Among the numerous peaks detected, 17 peaks were unambiguously identified. Gigantol (1), (1R,2R)-1,7-hydroxy-2,8-methoxy-2,3-dihydrophenanthrene-4(1H)-one (2), tristin (3), (−)-syringaresinol (4), lusianthridin (5), 2,7-dihydroxy-phenanthrene-1,4-dione (6), densiflorol B (7), denthyrsinin (8), moscatilin (9), lusianthridin dimer (10), batatasin III (11), ephemeranthol A (12), thunalbene (13), dehydroorchinol (14), dendrobine (15), shihunine (16), and 1,5,7-trimethoxy-2-phenanthrenol (17), were detected in Dendrobii Herba, while 1, 2, and 16 were detected in D. candidum, 1, 11, and 16 in D. nobile, and 1, 2, and 16 in the hybrid, D. nobile × candidum. The methanol extract taken of them was also examined for cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells, where Dendrobii Herba showed the greatest cytotoxicity. In the untargeted metabolite analysis of 436 mutant lines of the hybrid, using UPLC-QToF MS and cytotoxicity measurements combined with multivariate analysis, two tentative flavonoids (M1 and M2) were evaluated as key markers among the analyzed metabolites, contributing to the distinction between active and inactive mutant lines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants10071376
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    Content of Two Major Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) Mutant Lines at Different Ripening Stages
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Plants Vol. 11, No. 21 ( 2022-10-28), p. 2895-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 21 ( 2022-10-28), p. 2895-
    Abstract: Esculeoside A and tomatine are two major steroidal alkaloids in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. Tomatine contained in immature tomato fruit is converted to esculeoside A as the fruit matures. To develop new tomato varieties based on the content analysis of functional secondary metabolites, 184 mutant lines were generated from the original cultivar (S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) by radiation breeding. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector was used to identify the mutant lines with good traits by analyzing tomatine and esculeoside A content. Compared with the original cultivar, candidates for highly functional cultivars with high esculeoside A content were identified in the mature fruit of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with low and high tomatine content at an immature stage were selected as edible cultivars due to toxicity reduction and as a source of tomatine with various pharmacological activities, respectively. During the process of ripening from green to red tomatoes, the rate of conversion of tomatine to esculeoside A was high in the green tomatoes with a low tomatine content, whereas green tomatoes with a high tomatine content exhibited a low conversion rate. Using methanol extracts prepared from unripe and ripe fruits of the original cultivar and its mutant lines and two major compounds, we examined their cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. Only tomatine exhibited cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.589 μM, whereas the other samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Therefore, radiation breeding represents a useful tool for developing new cultivars with high quality, and metabolite analysis is applicable for the rapid and objective selection of potential mutant lines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants11212895
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
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    18:0 Lyso PC Derived by Bioactivity-Based Molecular Networking from Lentil Mutant Lines and Its Effects on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Molecules Vol. 26, No. 24 ( 2021-12-13), p. 7547-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 26, No. 24 ( 2021-12-13), p. 7547-
    Abstract: Lentil (Lens culinaris; Fabaceae), one of the major pulse crops in the world, is an important source of proteins, prebiotics, lipids, and essential minerals as well as functional components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic acids. To improve crop nutritional and medicinal traits, hybridization and mutation are widely used in plant breeding research. In this study, mutant lentil populations were generated by γ-irradiation for the development of new cultivars by inducing genetic diversity. Molecular networking via Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking web platform and dipeptidyl peptide-IV inhibitor screening assay were utilized as tools for structure-based discovery of active components in active mutant lines selected among the lentil population. The bioactivity-based molecular networking analysis resulted in the annotation of the molecular class of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from the most active mutant line. Among PCs, 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0 Lyso PC) was selected for further in vivo study of anti-obesity effect in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. The administration of 18:0 Lyso PC not only prevented body weight gain and decreased relative gonadal adipose tissue weight, but also attenuated the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and leptin in the sera of HFD-induced obese mice. Additionally, 18:0 Lyso PC treatment inhibited the increase of adipocyte area and crown-like structures in adipose tissue. Therefore, these results suggest that 18:0 Lyso PC is a potential compound to have protective effects against obesity, improving obese phenotype induced by HFD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247547
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 7
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    Metabolite Profiling and Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitory Activity of Coreopsis Cultivars in Different Mutations
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Plants Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2021-08-12), p. 1661-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2021-08-12), p. 1661-
    Abstract: Coreopsis species have been developed to produce cultivars of various floral colors and sizes and are also used in traditional medicine. To identify and evaluate mutant cultivars of C. rosea and C. verticillata, their phytochemical profiles were systematically characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and their anti-diabetic effects were evaluated using the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitor screening assay. Forty compounds were tentatively identified. This study is the first to provide comprehensive chemical information on the anti-diabetic effect of C. rosea and C. verticillata. All 32 methanol extracts of Coreopsis cultivars inhibited DPP-IV activity in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 values: 34.01–158.83 μg/mL). Thirteen compounds presented as potential markers for distinction among the 32 Coreopsis cultivars via principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Therefore, these bio-chemometric models can be useful in distinguishing cultivars as potential dietary supplements for functional plants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants10081661
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 8
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    Moscatilin Induces Apoptosis in Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells via JNK Signaling Pathway
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Molecules Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2020-02-18), p. 901-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2020-02-18), p. 901-
    Abstract: Dendrobii Herba is an herbal medicine that uses the stems of Dendrobium species (Orchidacea). It has been traditionally used to treat fever, hydrodipsomania, stomach disorders, and amyotrophia. In our previous study, a bibenzyl compound, moscatilin, which is isolated from Dendrobii Herba, showed potent cytotoxicity against a FaDu human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell line. Prompted by this finding, we performed additional studies in FaDu cells to investigate the mechanism of action. Moscatilin induced FaDu cell death by using 5 μM of concentration and by mediating apoptosis, whereas cell proliferation following treatment with 1 μM of moscatilin was not suppressed to the same levels as by the anti-cancer agent, cisplatin. Apoptosis-related protein expression (cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-7, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was increased by treating with 5 μM of moscatilin. This suggests that moscatilin-mediated apoptosis is associated with the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. In addition, moscatilin-induced apoptosis was mediated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Overall, this study identified additional biological activity of moscatilin derived from natural products and suggested its potential application as a chemotherapeutic agent for the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040901
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 9
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    Identification of Two New Phenanthrenes from Dendrobii Herba and Their Cytotoxicity towards Human Hypopharynx Squamous Carcinoma Cell (FaDu)
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Molecules Vol. 24, No. 12 ( 2019-06-25), p. 2339-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 12 ( 2019-06-25), p. 2339-
    Abstract: Two new phenanthrenes, (1R,2R)-1,7-hydroxy-2,8-methoxy-2,3-dihydrophenanthrene-4(1H)-one (1) and 2,7-dihydroxy-phenanthrene-1,4-dione (2), were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Dendrobii Herba, together with seven known phenanthrenes (3–9), two bibenzyls (10–12), and a lignan (13). Structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by analyzing one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D)-NMR and High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra (HR-ESI-MS) data. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was confirmed by the circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic method. In cytotoxicity assay using FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cell line, compounds 3–6, 8, 10, and 12 showed activities, with IC50 values that ranged from 2.55 to 17.70 μM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122339
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 10
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    Anti-Inflammatory Flavonolignans from Triticum aestivum Linn. Hull
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 23 ( 2020-12-04), p. 8656-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 23 ( 2020-12-04), p. 8656-
    Abstract: Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is a very common and important food grain and ranks second in total cereal crop production. A large amount of wheat hull is produced after threshing that, as the non-food part of wheat, is agro-waste, accounting for 15~20% of the wheat. This study aimed at biologically and phytochemically investigating wheat hull for its valorization as a by-product. In our ongoing search for natural product-derived anti-inflammatory agents, T. aestivum hull was evaluated for its nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells, and the phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction showing inhibitory effect led to the isolation of a flavone (1) and seven flavonolignans (2–8). Compounds 2–8 have not yet been isolated from Triticum species. All compounds were evaluated for their LPS-induced NO production inhibition, and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 exhibited inhibitory effects with IC50 values ranging from 24.14 to 58.95 μM. These results suggest the potential of using T. aestivum hull as a source for producing anti-inflammatory components, enhancing its valorization as a by-product.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10238656
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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