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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Monitoring Seismo-TEC Perturbations Utilizing the Beidou Geostationary Satellites
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2023-05-17), p. 2608-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2023-05-17), p. 2608-
    Abstract: Electromagnetic signals transmitted from the Beidou geostationary satellites can be utilized to monitor changes in ionospheric total electron contents (TECs) at motionless ionospheric pierce points (IPPs) over the Earth’s surface 24 h a day. The TEC perturbations at close IPPs detected via distinct horizontal azimuths and elevation angles can be examined by utilizing different measuring geometries formed by the selected geostationary satellites and ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations. The M6.9 Menyuan earthquake occurred in northwest China on 7 January 2022. We collected TEC perturbations associated with the Menyuan earthquake at those motionless IPPs to examine the capability of the TEC measurements utilizing distinct horizontal azimuths and elevation angles. The experimental results show that the TEC perturbations associated with the earthquake traveled away from the area around the epicenter with velocities of ~800 m/s and ~1000 m/s in the ionosphere. The traveling TEC perturbations were consistently observed in different geometries. Such novel results show that the pronounced TEC perturbations can be obtained once the satellite hanging high over the Earth’s surface in front of the traveling TEC perturbations is selected. This study shows that geostationary satellites provide an excellent opportunity to conduct experiments on the advantage of the TEC observation technology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15102608
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Study on the Sub-5 nm Nano-Step Height Reference Materials Fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition Combined with Wet Etching
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2022-09-02), p. 1454-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2022-09-02), p. 1454-
    Abstract: Nano-steps, as classical nano-geometric reference materials, are very important for calibrating measurements in the semiconductor industry; therefore, controlling the height of nano-steps is critical for ensuring accurate measurements. Accordingly, in this study nano-steps with heights of 1, 2, 3 and 4 nm were fabricated with good morphology using atomic layer deposition (ALD) combined with wet etching. The roughness of the fabricated nano-steps was effectively controlled by utilizing the three-dimensional conformal ALD process. Moreover, the relationship between the surface roughness and the height was studied using a simulation-based analysis. Essentially, roughness control is crucial in fabricating nano-steps with a critical dimension of less than 5 nm. In this study, the minimum height of a nano-step that was successfully achieved by combining ALD and wet etching was 1 nm. Furthermore, the preconditions for quality assurance for a reference material and the influencing factors of the fabrication method were analyzed based on the 1 nm nano-step sample. Finally, the fabricated samples were used in time-dependent experiments to verify the optimal stability of the nano-steps as reference materials. This research is instructive to fabricate nano-geometric reference materials to within 5 nm in height, and the proposed method can be easily employed to manufacture wafer-sized step height reference materials, thus enabling its large-scale industrial application for in-line calibration in integrated circuit production lines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi13091454
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Predicting Recurrence in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma after Radical Surgery Using an AX-Unet Pancreas Segmentation Model and Dynamic Nomogram
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Bioengineering Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2023-07-11), p. 828-
    Details
    In: Bioengineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2023-07-11), p. 828-
    Abstract: This study aims to investigate the reliability of radiomic features extracted from contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CT) by AX-Unet, a pancreas segmentation model, to analyse the recurrence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after radical surgery. In this study, we trained an AX-Unet model to extract the radiomic features from preoperative contrast-enhanced CT images on a training set of 205 PDAC patients. Then we evaluated the segmentation ability of AX-Unet and the relationship between radiomic features and clinical characteristics on an independent testing set of 64 patients with clear prognoses. The lasso regression analysis was used to screen for variables of interest affecting patients’ post-operative recurrence, and the Cox proportional risk model regression analysis was used to screen for risk factors and create a nomogram prediction model. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 85.9% for pancreas segmentation, meeting the requirements of most clinical applications. Radiomic features were found to be significantly correlated with clinical characteristics such as lymph node metastasis, resectability status, and abnormally elevated serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) levels. Specifically, variance and entropy were associated with the recurrence rate (p 〈 0.05). The AUC for the nomogram predicting whether the patient recurred after surgery was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.78–0.99) and the C index was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.48–0.78). The AX-Unet pancreas segmentation model shows promise in analysing recurrence risk factors after radical surgery for PDAC. Additionally, our findings suggest that a dynamic nomogram model based on AX-Unet can provide pancreatic oncologists with more accurate prognostic assessments for their patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-5354
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070828
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2746191-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification and Comprehensive Structural and Functional Analyses of the EXO70 Gene Family in Cotton
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Genes Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2021-10-09), p. 1594-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2021-10-09), p. 1594-
    Abstract: The EXO70 gene is a vital component of the exocytosis complex and participates in biological processes ranging from plant cell division to polar growth. There are many EXO70 genes in plants and their functions are extensive, but little is known about the EXO70 gene family in cotton. Here, we analyzed four cotton sequence databases, identified 165 EXO70 genes, and divided them into eight subgroups (EXO70A–EXO70H) based on their phylogenetic relationships. EXO70A had the most exons (≥11), whereas the other seven each had only one or two exons. Hence, EXO70A may have many important functions. The 84 EXO70 genes in Asian and upland cotton were expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fibers, and/or ovules. Full-length GhEXO70A1-A cDNA was homologously cloned from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, G. hirsutum). Subcellular analysis revealed that GhEXO70A1-A protein was localized to the plasma membrane. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that GhEXO70A1-A interacted with GhEXO84A, GhEXO84B, and GhEXO84C. GhEXO70A1-A silencing significantly altered over 4000 genes and changed several signaling pathways related to metabolism. Thus, the EXO70 gene plays critical roles in the physiological functions of cotton.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes12101594
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of Various Precipitation Products Using Ground-Based Discharge Observation at the Nujiang River Basin, China
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Water Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-11-04), p. 2308-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-11-04), p. 2308-
    Abstract: Precipitation observation and prediction is difficult in many high elevation regions due to the complex terrain and the lack of in situ observations for comparison. The Nujiang River (upper and middle Salween River) basin in the Tibetan Plateau is no exception. Because of this shortcoming, we propose the use of gauge-observed discharge time series at the basin outlet (e.g., Jiayuqiao hydrological station) to evaluate the performance of four different precipitation products (e.g., satellite-based products and reanalysis datasets). A physically-based distributed cryosphere hydrological model with coupled snow and frozen soil physics was adopted to transfer the basin-wide gridded precipitation into the basin-outlet discharges. First, we corrected and evaluated the four precipitation products. A correlation relationship was established between each precipitation product and the available (limited) gauge rainfall within different elevation zones, and then used to correct the four precipitation products in the study basin. Secondly, a distributed cryosphere hydrological model was used to simulate the basin-outlet runoff driven by each corrected precipitation product. The results indicated that modern-era retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) precipitation has better performance in the upper Nujiang River basin relative to the other precipitation products based on comparisons of observed and simulated runoff.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w11112308
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Random Forest Model in the Diagnosis of Dementia Patients with Normal Mini-Mental State Examination Scores
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-01-04), p. 37-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-01-04), p. 37-
    Abstract: Background: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the most widely used tool in cognitive screening. Some individuals with normal MMSE scores have extensive cognitive impairment. Systematic neuropsychological assessment should be performed in these patients. This study aimed to optimize the systematic neuropsychological test battery (NTB) by machine learning and develop new classification models for distinguishing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia among individuals with MMSE ≥ 26. Methods: 375 participants with MMSE ≥ 26 were assigned a diagnosis of cognitively unimpaired (CU) (n = 67), MCI (n = 174), or dementia (n = 134). We compared the performance of five machine learning algorithms, including logistic regression, decision tree, SVM, XGBoost, and random forest (RF), in identifying MCI and dementia. Results: RF performed best in identifying MCI and dementia. Six neuropsychological subtests with high-importance features were selected to form a simplified NTB, and the test time was cut in half. The AUC of the RF model was 0.89 for distinguishing MCI from CU, and 0.84 for distinguishing dementia from nondementia. Conclusions: This simplified cognitive assessment model can be useful for the diagnosis of MCI and dementia in patients with normal MMSE. It not only optimizes the content of cognitive evaluation, but also improves diagnosis and reduces missed diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010037
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662248-8
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    UVA Enhanced Promotive Effects of Blue Light on the Antioxidant Capacity and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Pak Choi
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Horticulturae Vol. 8, No. 9 ( 2022-09-17), p. 850-
    Details
    In: Horticulturae, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 9 ( 2022-09-17), p. 850-
    Abstract: Anthocyanins are widely common natural antioxidants and represent an important economic feature in vegetables, but the potential response of UVA–blue co-irradiation on the anthocyanin biosynthesis of pak choi is not clear. Here, we investigated the effects of the supplement of four doses of UVA to blue light on growth, metabolites and the anthocyanin biosynthesis of two cultivars of pak choi. The results revealed that supplementing UVA light to blue light positively affected the growth of the pak choi and elevated the soluble protein content and antioxidant capacity. Especially, when compared with a monochromatic blue light, the anthocyanin synthesis was enhanced with an increase in UVA light strength, which reached a peak value at the strength of 10 μmol·m−2·s−1. Further study revealed that the UVA–blue co-irradiation enhanced the transcription of partial light-induced and anthocyanin structural genes. The intraspecific difference in the expression patterns of MYB1 and PAP1 were observed in these two tested cultivars. MYB1 was significantly up-regulated in red-leaf pak choi, but down-regulated in purple-leaf pak choi. On the contrary, PAP1 was significantly up-regulated in purple-leaf pak choi, but down-regulated in red-leaf pak choi. To sum up, this study established an efficient pre-harvest lighting strategy to elevate the economic value of pak choi.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-7524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8090850
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813983-5
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Normothermic and Hypothermic Machine Perfusion in Liver Transplantation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 235-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 235-
    Abstract: Background: The gap between the demand and supply of donor livers is still a considerable challenge. Since static cold storage is not sufficient in marginal livers, machine perfusion is being explored as an alternative. The objective of this study was to assess (dual) hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE/D-HOPE) and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) in contrast to static cold storage (SCS). Methods: Three databases were searched to identify studies about machine perfusion. Graft and patient survival and postoperative complications were evaluated using the random effects model. Results: the incidence of biliary complications was lower in HOPE vs. SCS (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36–0.98, p = 0.04, I2: 0%). There was no significant difference in biliary complications between NMP and SCS (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.41–1.40, p = 0.38, I2: 55%). Graft and patient survival were significantly better in HOPE than in SCS (HR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23–0.71, p = 0.002, I2: 0%) and (pooled HR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.20–0.93, p = 0.03, I2: 0%). Graft and patient survival were not significantly different between NMP and SCS. Conclusion: HOPE/D-HOPE and NMP are promising alternatives to SCS for donor liver preservation. They may help address the widening gap between the demand for and availability of donor livers by enabling the rescue and transplantation of marginal livers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010235
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Superior Effects of Antiretroviral Treatment among Men Who have Sex with Men Compared to Other HIV At-Risk Populations in a Large Cohort Study in Hunan, China
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2016-03-08), p. 283-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2016-03-08), p. 283-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030283
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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