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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    The Phenylethanol Glycoside Liposome Inhibits PDGF-Induced HSC Activation via Regulation of the FAK/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Molecules Vol. 24, No. 18 ( 2019-09-09), p. 3282-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 18 ( 2019-09-09), p. 3282-
    Abstract: Cistanche tubulosa is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that is widely used to regulate immunity, and phenylethanol glycosides (CPhGs) are among the primary components responsible for this activity. However, the application of CPhGs is negatively affected by their poor absorption and low oral utilization. Targeted drug delivery is an important development direction for pharmaceutics. Previous studies have indicated that CPhGs could block the conduction of the signaling pathways in TGF-β1/smad and inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect of CPhG liposomes by inhibiting HSC activation, promoting apoptosis, blocking the cell cycle, suppressing the conduction of signaling pathways in focal adhesion kinase(FAK)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt), and determining their in vitro hepatoprotective activity. In vitro release studies demonstrated that CPhG liposomes have a sustained release effect compared to drug CPhGs. HSC proliferation was inhibited after treatment with the CPhG liposomes (29.45, 14.72, 7.36 µg/mL), with IC50 values of 42.54 µg/mL in the MTT assay. Different concentrations of the CPhG liposomes could inhibit HSC proliferation, promote apoptosis, and block the cell cycle. The MTT method showed an obvious inhibition of HSC proliferation after CPhG liposome and Recombinant Rat Platelet-derived growth factor-BB(rrPDGF-BB) treatment. The levels of collagen-1, metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and phosphorylated PI3K/Akt were downregulated, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) was upregulated, by pretreatment with different concentrations of CPhG liposomes. Moreover, 29.45 μg/mL of CPhG liposomes could decrease the expression of the FAK protein and the phosphorylated PI3K and Akt protein downstream of FAK by overexpression of the FAK gene. This experiment suggests that CPhG liposomes may inhibit the activation of HSCs by inhibiting FAK and then reducing the expression of phosphorylated Akt/PI3K, thereby providing new insights into the application of CPhGs for liver fibrosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183282
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 2
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    Compositional and Functional Comparisons of the Microbiota in the Colostrum and Mature Milk of Dairy Goats
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Animals Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2020-10-23), p. 1955-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2020-10-23), p. 1955-
    Abstract: Goat milk is essential for the initial development of kids by providing a great source of commensal bacteria. In this study, we analyzed the microbiota of the milk of 30 healthy Saanen dairy goats. The 30 samples comprised 15 colostrum and 15 mature milk samples, collected from three different farms of Shaanxi Province. Colostrum samples were collected daily for five days post-delivery and mature milk was collected on the 7th, 10th, 20th, 30th, and 40th days. The result showed that microbial alpha diversity was higher in the mature milk compared with that in the colostrum. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was performed to detect differentially abundant taxa in colostrum and goat milk. According to taxonomy results, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the predominant bacteria phyla in both colostrum and mature milk. In addition, lactation stage noticeably influenced the composition of milk microbiota. Specifically, Novosphingobium, Brachybacterium, Psychrobacter, Lactobacillus, Yersinia, Roseateles, Rothia, Sanguibacter, Cloacibacterium, Variovorax, Sphingobacterium, and Coxiella were enriched in the colostrum, while Georgenia, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroidales, Yaniella, Planomicrobium, Cloacibacterium, Azospirillum, Turicibacter, Cupriavidus, Herbaspirillum, Rhodobacteraceae, and Aeromonadales were the dominant genera in the mature milk. The enriched metabolic functions of the goat milk microbiota were predicted by PICRUSt and classified by KEGG pathway. Moreover, the abundances of environmental information processing, cellular processes pathway, genetic information processing pathway, organismal systems pathway, and metabolism pathway were significantly different between microbiota of colostrum and mature milk. Altogether, our study disclosed the significant difference between the microbial communities of colostrum and mature milk and provided grounds for further research in dairy microbiology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani10111955
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
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    Study on Effects of Operating Parameters on a Water-Cooled Loop Thermosyphon System under Partial Server Utilization
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2023-08-31), p. 13100-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2023-08-31), p. 13100-
    Abstract: During the operation of a data center, servers are gradually installed in racks, causing most racks to work under a low heating load for a long time and affecting the cooling efficiency of the loop thermosyphon system (LTS). Thus, the effects of operating parameters on the thermal performance should be investigated. In this study, a water-cooled LTS was experimentally investigated under different airflow rates and heating loads. The results show that the additional liquid refrigerant reduced the heat transfer performance and aggravated a drop in cooling capacity when the airflow rate and heating load were decreased. To further reveal the effects of the operating parameters on the thermal performance and cooling efficiency, a steady-state distributed-parameter model was developed and validated based on the experimental data. The results show that the excessive cooling capacity was reduced by decreasing the airflow rate according to the upper limit of the server exhaust air temperature under partial server utilization. The excessive cooling capacity was reduced by 14.5–52.1% under 5–56.5% server utilization. To further reduce the excessive cooling capacity while ensuring thermal security, the water side operating parameters (including the supply chilled water temperature and water flow rate) were adjusted according to the upper limit of the rack’s average outlet air temperature, which reduced the excessive cooling capacity by more than 23.8% under partial server utilization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su151713100
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 4
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    Blumea balsamifera Oil for the Acceleration of Healing of Burn Injuries
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  Molecules Vol. 20, No. 9 ( 2015-09-17), p. 17166-17179
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 9 ( 2015-09-17), p. 17166-17179
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917166
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 5
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    Corilagin Attenuates Aerosol Bleomycin-Induced Experimental Lung Injury
    MDPI AG ; 2014
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2014-05-30), p. 9762-9779
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2014-05-30), p. 9762-9779
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069762
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Ependyma in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Radiation-Induced Brain Injury and as a Therapeutic Target for Neurotrophic Factors
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-04-27), p. 754-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-04-27), p. 754-
    Abstract: The neuron loss caused by the progressive damage to the nervous system is proposed to be the main pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ependyma is a layer of ciliated ependymal cells that participates in the formation of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). It functions to promotes the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the material exchange between CSF and brain interstitial fluid. Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) shows obvious impairments of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the neuroinflammatory processes after acute brain injury, a large amount of complement proteins and infiltrated immune cells are circulated in the CSF to resist brain damage and promote substance exchange through the BCB. However, as the protective barrier lining the brain ventricles, the ependyma is extremely vulnerable to cytotoxic and cytolytic immune responses. When the ependyma is damaged, the integrity of BCB is destroyed, and the CSF flow and material exchange is affected, leading to brain microenvironment imbalance, which plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other neurotrophic factors promote the differentiation and maturation of ependymal cells to maintain the integrity of the ependyma and the activity of ependymal cilia, and may have therapeutic potential in restoring the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment after RIBI or during the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom13050754
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 7
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    Novel Structural Variation and Evolutionary Characteristics of Chloroplast tRNA in Gossypium Plants
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Genes Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2021-05-27), p. 822-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2021-05-27), p. 822-
    Abstract: Cotton is one of the most important fiber and oil crops in the world. Chloroplast genomes harbor their own genetic materials and are considered to be highly conserved. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) act as “bridges” in protein synthesis by carrying amino acids. Currently, the variation and evolutionary characteristics of tRNAs in the cotton chloroplast genome are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the structural variation and evolution of chloroplast tRNA (cp tRNA) based on eight diploid and two allotetraploid cotton species. We also investigated the nucleotide evolution of chloroplast genomes in cotton species. We found that cp tRNAs in cotton encoded 36 or 37 tRNAs, and 28 or 29 anti-codon types with lengths ranging from 60 to 93 nucleotides. Cotton chloroplast tRNA sequences possessed specific conservation and, in particular, the Ψ-loop contained the conserved U-U-C-X3-U. The cp tRNAs of Gossypium L. contained introns, and cp tRNAIle contained the anti-codon (C-A-U), which was generally the anti-codon of tRNAMet. The transition and transversion analyses showed that cp tRNAs in cotton species were iso-acceptor specific and had undergone unequal rates of evolution. The intergenic region was more variable than coding regions, and non-synonymous mutations have been fixed in cotton cp genomes. On the other hand, phylogeny analyses indicated that cp tRNAs of cotton were derived from several inferred ancestors with greater gene duplications. This study provides new insights into the structural variation and evolution of chloroplast tRNAs in cotton plants. Our findings could contribute to understanding the detailed characteristics and evolutionary variation of the tRNA family.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes12060822
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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  • 8
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    BMAE-Net: A Data-Driven Weather Prediction Network for Smart Agriculture
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-02-22), p. 625-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-02-22), p. 625-
    Abstract: Weather is an essential component of natural resources that affects agricultural production and plays a decisive role in deciding the type of agricultural production, planting structure, crop quality, etc. In field agriculture, medium- and long-term predictions of temperature and humidity are vital for guiding agricultural activities and improving crop yield and quality. However, existing intelligent models still have difficulties dealing with big weather data in predicting applications, such as striking a balance between prediction accuracy and learning efficiency. Therefore, a multi-head attention encoder-decoder neural network optimized via Bayesian inference strategy (BMAE-Net) is proposed herein to predict weather time series changes accurately. Firstly, we incorporate Bayesian inference into the gated recurrent unit to construct a Bayesian-gated recurrent units (Bayesian-GRU) module. Then, a multi-head attention mechanism is introduced to design the network structure of each Bayesian layer, improving the prediction applicability to time-length changes. Subsequently, an encoder-decoder framework with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization is designed to infer intrinsic relationships among big time-series data for high prediction accuracy. For example, the R-evaluation metrics for temperature prediction in the three locations are 0.9, 0.804, and 0.892, respectively, while the RMSE is reduced to 2.899, 3.011, and 1.476, as seen in Case 1 of the temperature data. Extensive experiments subsequently demonstrated that the proposed BMAE-Net has overperformed on three location weather datasets, which provides an effective solution for prediction applications in the smart agriculture system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13030625
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Cloning and Immunosuppressive Properties of an Acyl-Activating Enzyme from the Venom Apparatus of Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Toxins Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-11-18), p. 672-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-11-18), p. 672-
    Abstract: Venom injected into the host plays vital roles in facilitating successful parasitization and development for parasitoid wasps, especially those devoid of polydnavirus, and the abundant venom proteins appear to be most likely involved in parasitization success. Previously, we found the four most abundant venom proteins, including 4-coumarate:CoA ligase-like 4 (4CL4-like), in the Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) venom apparatus. In this study, we cloned, expressed T. brontispae 4CL4-like (Tb4CL4-like) in Escherichia coli, and investigated its immunosuppressive properties. The deduced amino acid sequence for Tb4CL4-like shares high identity at conserved amino acids associated with the acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) consensus motif but shows only 〈 40% identity with the members in the AAE superfamily. mRNA abundance analysis indicated that Tb4CL4-like was transcribed mainly in the venom apparatus. Recombinant Tb4CL4-like inhibited Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pupal cellular encapsulation and spreading by targeting the hemocyte cytoskeleton and reduced the hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis of E. coli in vivo. Moreover, Tb4CL4-like exhibited greater affinity to palmitic acid and linolenic acid based on the molecular docking assay and is hypothesized to be involved in fatty acid metabolism. In conclusion, our results suggest that Tb4CL4-like may be an immunity-related AAE protein that is involved in the regulation of host immunity through fatty acid metabolism-derived signaling pathways.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110672
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 10
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    Jasmonate and Ethylene-Regulated Ethylene Response Factor 22 Promotes Lanolin-Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in ‘Zaosu’ Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) Fruit
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2020-02-11), p. 278-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2020-02-11), p. 278-
    Abstract: Anthocyanin contributes to the coloration of pear fruit and enhances plant defenses. Members of the ethylene response factor (ERF) family play vital roles in hormone and stress signaling and are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Here, PbERF22 was identified from the lanolin-induced red fruit of ‘Zaosu’ pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) using a comparative transcriptome analysis. Its expression level was up- and down-regulated by methyl jasmonate and 1-methylcyclopropene plus lanolin treatments, respectively, which indicated that PbERF22 responded to the jasmonate- and ethylene-signaling pathways. In addition, transiently overexpressed PbERF22 induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in ‘Zaosu’ fruit, and a quantitative PCR analysis further confirmed that PbERF22 facilitated the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural and regulatory genes. Moreover, a dual luciferase assay showed that PbERF22 enhanced the activation effects of PbMYB10 and PbMYB10b on the PbUFGT promoter. Therefore, PbERF22 responses to jasmonate and ethylene signals and regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis. This provides a new perspective on the correlation between jasmonate–ethylene crosstalk and anthocyanin biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom10020278
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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