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  • MDPI AG  (10)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Plasmonic Structures, Materials and Lenses for Optical Lithography beyond the Diffraction Limit: A Review
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 7, No. 7 ( 2016-07-13), p. 118-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 7 ( 2016-07-13), p. 118-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi7070118
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Meta-Chirality: Fundamentals, Construction and Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2017-05-17), p. 116-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2017-05-17), p. 116-
    Abstract: Chiral metamaterials represent a special type of artificial structures that cannot be superposed to their mirror images. Due to the lack of mirror symmetry, cross-coupling between electric and magnetic fields exist in chiral mediums and present unique electromagnetic characters of circular dichroism and optical activity, which provide a new opportunity to tune polarization and realize negative refractive index. Chiral metamaterials have attracted great attentions in recent years and have given rise to a series of applications in polarization manipulation, imaging, chemical and biological detection, and nonlinear optics. Here we review the fundamental theory of chiral media and analyze the construction principles of some typical chiral metamaterials. Then, the progress in extrinsic chiral metamaterials, absorbing chiral metamaterials, and reconfigurable chiral metamaterials are summarized. In the last section, future trends in chiral metamaterials and application in nonlinear optics are introduced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano7050116
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High-Performance Multilayer Radiative Cooling Films Designed with Flexible Hybrid Optimization Strategy
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Materials Vol. 13, No. 13 ( 2020-06-27), p. 2885-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 13 ( 2020-06-27), p. 2885-
    Abstract: Despite their great potential for energy-saving applications, it is still challenging to design passive radiative cooling (RC) materials with simultaneous high performance and simple structures based on traditional design philosophy. To solve the contradiction between optimization speed and corresponding performance, we present a flexible hybrid optimization strategy based on a genetic algorithm (GA) in conjunction with the transfer matrix method and introducing the calculation of radiative cooling power density in the evaluation function of the GA. As a demonstration, an optimized coating with 1.5-μm-overlapping MgF2 and Si3N4 layers on top of a silver film was numerically designed. Based on a detailed analysis of the material’s electromagnetic properties and cooling performance, this coating achieved a radiative cooling power density of 62 W/m2 and a temperature reduction of 6.8 °C at an ambient temperature of 300 K. Our optimization strategy may have special significance in the design of high-performance RC materials or other multi-spectral engineering materials with simple structures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma13132885
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quasi-Continuous Metasurface Beam Splitters Enabled by Vector Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Materials Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2021-02-21), p. 1022-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2021-02-21), p. 1022-
    Abstract: Quasi-continuous metasurfaces are widely used in various optical systems and their subwavelength structures invalidate traditional design methods based on scalar diffraction theory. Here, a novel vector iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA) is proposed to realize the fast design of quasi-continuous metasurface beam splitters with subwavelength structures. Compared with traditional optimization algorithms that either require extensive numerical simulations or lack accuracy, this method has the advantages of accuracy and low computational cost. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, several beam splitters with custom-tailored diffraction patterns and a 7 × 7 beam splitter are numerically demonstrated, among which the maximal diffraction angle reaches 70° and the best uniformity error reaches 0.0195, showing good consistency with the target energy distribution and these results suggest that the proposed vector IFTA may find wide applications in three-dimensional imaging, lidar techniques, machine vision, and so forth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma14041022
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Influence of Terrestrial Water Storage on Flood Potential Index in the Yangtze River Basin, China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2022-06-27), p. 3082-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2022-06-27), p. 3082-
    Abstract: In a changing environment, changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) in basins have a significant impact on potential floods and affect flood risk assessment. Therefore, we aimed to study the impact of TWS on potential floods. In this study, we reconstructed the TWS based on precipitation and temperature, evaluated the reconstructed TWS data based on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-TWS data, and analyzed and calculated the flood potential index (FPI) in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). The related influencing factors were analyzed based on the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data and Granger’s causality test. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) although the GRACE-TWS anomaly (GRACE-TWSA) in the YRB showed an increasing trend for the averaged TWSA over all grids in the whole basin (i.e., 0.31 cm/a, p 〈 0.05), the variable infiltration capacity-soil moisture anomalies (VIC-SMA) showed a decreasing trend (i.e., −0.048 cm/a, p 〉 0.05) during April 2002–December 2019; (2) a larger relative contribution of detrended precipitation to FPI was found in the Jialingjiang River Basin (JRB), Wujiang River Basin (WRB), Dongting Lake Rivers Basin (DLRB), YinBin-Yichang reaches (YB-YC), and Yichang-Hukou reaches (YC-HK), while the contribution of detrended TWS to FPI in the Poyang Lake Rivers Basin (PLRB) was larger than that in other basins; and (3) the original and detrended soil moisture (SM) and TWS in the YRB showed a significant positive correlation (p 〈 0.05), while the significant effect of SM on TWS caused a change in FPI in the YRB and its sub-basins. This study is of great significance for the correct understanding of the FPI and the accurate assessment of flood risk.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs14133082
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Optimized Catenary Metasurface for Detecting Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum via Momentum Transformation
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-03-03), p. 3237-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-03-03), p. 3237-
    Abstract: Theoretically, the topological charge l in the vortex can be any integer or fraction, thus the vortex carrying different topological charges can form an infinitely orthogonal orbital angular momentum state space, which can provide new dimensional resources for optical communication. However, high-capacity optical communication requires low delay, thus real-time detection of the OAM is significant for communication. Metasurfaces have the characteristics of low loss, ultra-thin, easy integration, and flexible phase controls, which provide a meaningful way to realize integrated OAM generation and detection. Here, an optimized streamlined metasurface (OSM) is presented, which can detect high-order vortex beams in a single, simple, and rapid manner by photon momentum transformation (PMT). Since different vortices are converted into focusing modes with distinct azimuthal coordinates on a transverse plane through PMT, a single measurement can determine OAMs in an ample mode space. In addition, the OSM can detect more and higher order OAMs compared with a discrete metasurface (DM) at the same size, due to its better wavefront sampling capabilities. With the merits of an ultra-compact device size, simple optical structure, and outstanding vortex recognition ability, our approach may underpin the development of integrated optics and quantum systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app13053237
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Spread of Multiple Droughts in Different Seasons and Its Dynamic Changes
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 15 ( 2023-08-02), p. 3848-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 15 ( 2023-08-02), p. 3848-
    Abstract: Investigating the propagation and influencing mechanism that transitions a meteorological drought to a hydrological drought in a changing environment is crucial for understanding the formation process and mechanism of hydrological drought. Furthermore, it is essential to establish an effective hydrological drought warning system based on meteorological drought. To assess the dynamic changes in the spread of meteorological drought to hydrological drought during various seasons, this study employs the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Runoff Index (SRI), and Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) to represent meteorological, hydrological, and vegetation droughts, respectively, in the Ganjiang River Basin (GRB) from 2002 to 2020. Considering that meteorological drought can be caused not only by insufficient precipitation but also by excessive evaporation, an additional index, namely the Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI), is constructed to quantify meteorological drought resulting from evaporation factors. The article analyzes the characteristics of the spatiotemporal evolution of meteorological, hydrological, and vegetation drought. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient is employed to calculate the propagation time of different seasons from meteorological drought to hydrological/vegetation drought and from hydrological drought to vegetation drought. Furthermore, we examine the propagation relationship among meteorological, hydrological, and vegetation drought in the time-frequency domain through cross-wavelet analysis and explore the key factors and physical mechanisms that influence the propagation of drought in various seasons. The result shows: The propagation time from meteorological to hydrological drought (SPI-SRI) is shortest in spring, extended during summer and autumn, and longest in winter. The meteorological drought arising from excessive evapotranspiration in autumn has the most substantial impact on hydrological drought. Vegetation drought and meteorological/hydrological drought exhibit significant intermittent resonance periods in 0~6 months and significant stable resonance periods in 7~15 months.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15153848
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Antiviral Activity of Caprylic Monoglyceride against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus In Vitro and In Vivo
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 21 ( 2022-10-26), p. 7263-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 21 ( 2022-10-26), p. 7263-
    Abstract: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease with a major economic impact in the global pig industry, and this study aims to identify potential anti-PRRSV drugs. We examined the cytotoxicity of four medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) (caprylic, caprylic monoglyceride, decanoic monoglyceride, and monolaurin) and their inhibition rate against PRRSV. Then the MCFAs with the best anti-PRRSV effect in in vitro assays were selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. Potential anti-PRRSV drugs were evaluated by viral load assay, pathological assay, and cytokine level determination. The results showed that caprylic monoglyceride (CMG) was the least toxic to cells of the four MCFAs, while it had the highest PRRSV inhibition rate. Then the animals were divided into a low-CMG group, a medium-CMG group, and a high-CMG group to conduct the in vivo evaluation. The results indicated that piglets treated with higher concentrations of caprylic monoglyceride were associated with lower mortality and lower viral load after PRRSV infection (p 〈 0.05). The pulmonary pathology of the piglets also improved after CMG treatment. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α) were significantly downregulated, and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were significantly upregulated in the CMG-treated piglets compared to the positive control group (p 〈 0.05). Taken together, the present study revealed for the first time that caprylic monoglyceride has strong antiviral activity against PRRSV in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that caprylic monoglyceride could potentially be used as a drug to treat PRRS infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217263
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Meta-Optics-Empowered Switchable Integrated Mode Converter Based on the Adjoint Method
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 12, No. 19 ( 2022-09-28), p. 3395-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 19 ( 2022-09-28), p. 3395-
    Abstract: Monolithic integrated mode converters with high integration are essential to photonic integrated circuits (PICs), and they are widely used in next-generation optical communications and complex quantum systems. It is expected that PICs will become more miniaturized, multifunctional, and intelligent with the development of micro/nano-technology. The increase in design space makes it difficult to realize high-performance device design based on traditional parameter sweeping or heuristic design, especially in the optimal design of reconfigurable PIC devices. Combining the mode coupling theory and adjoint calculation method, we proposed a design method for a switchable mode converter. The device could realize the transmission of TE0 mode and the conversion from TE0 to TE1 mode with a footprint of 0.9 × 7.5 μm2 based on the phase change materials (PCMs). We also found that the mode purity could reach 78.2% in both states at the working wavelength of 1.55 μm. The designed method will provide a new impetus for programmable photonic integrated devices and find broad application prospects in communication, optical neural networks, and sensing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano12193395
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Generation of A Space-Variant Vector Beam with Catenary-Shaped Polarization States
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2022-04-18), p. 2940-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2022-04-18), p. 2940-
    Abstract: We demonstrate the generation of a space-variant vector beam with catenary-shaped polarization states based on the polarization interferometry. With a spatial light modulator and a common path interferometric configuration, two orthogonally circularly polarized beams with different phase modulation overlap each other, yielding the vector beams. In addition, the polarization states of this vector beam are scalable to the arbitrary spatial distribution because of its great flexibility and universal applicability. It is expected that this vector beam may have many potential and intriguing applications in the micro/nano material processing, liquid crystal elements fabrication and optical micro-manipulation, and so on.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15082940
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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