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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Application of Struvite-MAP Crystallization Reactor for Treating Cattle Manure Anaerobic Digested Slurry: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery and Crystal Fertilizer Efficiency in Plant Trials
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2018-07-03), p. 1397-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2018-07-03), p. 1397-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071397
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Using Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) as a Pretreatment Option for Anaerobic Digestate from Cattle Manure Digestion System
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Water Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2017-07-03), p. 487-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2017-07-03), p. 487-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w9070487
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Simplified Fractional Order PID Controller’s Optimal Tuning: A Case Study on a PMSM Speed Servo
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Entropy Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2021-01-20), p. 130-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2021-01-20), p. 130-
    Abstract: A simplified fractional order PID (FOPID) controller is proposed by the suitable definition of the parameter relation with the optimized changeable coefficient. The number of the pending controller parameters is reduced, but all the proportional, integral, and derivative components are kept. The estimation model of the optimal relation coefficient between the controller parameters is established, according to which the optimal FOPID controller parameters can be calculated analytically. A case study is provided, focusing on the practical application of the simplified FOPID controller to a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed servo. The dynamic performance of the simplified FOPID control system is tested by motor speed control simulation and experiments. Comparisons are performed between the control systems using the proposed method and those using some other existing methods. According to the simulation and experimental results, the simplified FOPID control system achieves the optimal dynamic performance. Therefore, the validity of the proposed controller structure and tuning method is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e23020130
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Isolation and Functional Analysis of VvWRKY28, a Vitis vinifera WRKY Transcription Factor Gene, with Functions in Tolerance to Cold and Salt Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-11-02), p. 13418-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-11-02), p. 13418-
    Abstract: The grape (Vitis vinifera L.) not only has a long history of cultivation, but also has rich nutritional value and high economic value. However, grapes often face many threats in the growth process. For example, low temperature and salt stress restrict the growth status, yield, and geographical distribution of grapes. WRKY, as one of the largest transcription factor (TF) families in plants, participates in the response of plants to stress. VvWRKY28, a new zinc finger type transcriptional regulator gene, was isolated from Beichun (V. vinifera × V.amurensis) in this study. From the subcellular localization results, it can be concluded that VvWRKY28 was localized in the nucleus. The expression of VvWRKY28 was enriched in leaves (young and mature leaves), and cold and high salt conditions can induce high expression of VvWRKY28. After being transferred into Arabidopsis, VvWRKY28 greatly improved the tolerance of Arabidopsis to low temperature and high salt and also changed many physiological and biochemical indicators of transgenic Arabidopsis to cope with cold and high salt stimulation. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased, but for chlorophyll and proline, their content increased, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were improved. In addition, under cold stress, binding with cis-acting elements promotes the expression of downstream genes related to cold stress (RAB18, COR15A, ERD10, PIF4, COR47, and ICS1). Moreover, it also plays an active role in regulating the expression of genes related to salt stress (NCED3, SnRK2.4, CAT2, SOD1, SOS2, and P5CS1) under salt stress. Therefore, these results provide evidence that VvWRKY28 may play a role in the process of plant cold and salt stress tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113418
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Particle Size on the Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion Characteristics of Whole Rice Straw
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2021-07-01), p. 3960-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2021-07-01), p. 3960-
    Abstract: The effect of reducing particle size on physical properties, the methane yield and energy flow were investigated through the biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiment of aerobic-anaerobic digestion (AAD) of rice straw (RS). The whole straw was crushed through four sieves of different aperture sizes (1, 3, 5, and 7 mm) to obtain the actual and non-uniform particle size distribution (PSD). The results indicated that the actual particle sizes were normally or logarithmic normally distributed. Reducing particle size could significantly promote the aerobic hydrolysis and acidification process, increase the content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from 4408.78 to 6225.15 mg/L and the degradation of volatile solids (VS) from 40.56% to 50.49%. The results of path analysis suggested that particle size reduction played an important role in improving lignocellulosic degradability, which was the main factor affecting methane production with the comprehensive decision of 0.4616. The maximum methane production obtained at 1 mm sieve size was 176.47 mLCH4g−1 VS. The phyla of Firmicutes (61.5%), Proteobacteria (9.3%), Chloroflexi (8.3%), Bacteroidetes (4.1%), Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast (4.6%) were mainly responsible for VFAs production and lignocellulose degradation. However, the net negative energy balance was observed at the 1 mm sieve size due to the increased energy input. Therefore, the optimum sieve size for AAD was 3 mm.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14133960
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fabrication of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Functional Polymers for Anti-Infection and Augmenting Wound Repair
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 120-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 120-
    Abstract: The problem of bacteria-induced infections threatens the lives of many patients. Meanwhile, the misuse of antibiotics has led to a significant increase in bacterial resistance. There are two main ways to alleviate the issue: one is to introduce antimicrobial agents to medical devices to get local drug releasing and alleviating systemic toxicity and resistance, and the other is to develop new antimicrobial methods to kill bacteria. New antimicrobial methods include cationic polymers, metal ions, hydrophobic structures to prevent bacterial adhesion, photothermal sterilization, new biocides, etc. Biodegradable biocompatible synthetic polymers have been widely used in the medical field. They are often used in tissue engineering scaffolds as well as wound dressings, where bacterial infections in these medical devices can be serious or even fatal. However, such materials usually do not have inherent antimicrobial properties. They can be used as carriers for drug delivery or compounded with other antimicrobial materials to achieve antimicrobial effects. This review focuses on the antimicrobial behavior, preparation methods, and biocompatibility testing of biodegradable biocompatible synthetic polymers. Degradable biocompatible natural polymers with antimicrobial properties are also briefly described. Finally, the medical applications of these polymeric materials are presented.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym15010120
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Algorithm for Retrieval of Temperature in Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere from O2 A-Band Night Glow
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-19), p. 3916-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-19), p. 3916-
    Abstract: The O2 A-band night glow can be used to retrieve the temperature in the range of 80–120 km in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). From the full spectrum of A-band night glow, the band used to retrieve temperature is selected based on the sensitivity of the emission line on temperature, taking into account the compromise relationship between the spectral band and resolution, inversion efficiency, and inversion accuracy. The non-linear iterative inversion method based on optimization theory is adopted for the retrieval of temperature. Meanwhile, considering the stability of inversion, Tikhonov regularization matrix is added as a constraint, and the optimal estimation inversion algorithm is optimized to suppress the influence of measurement noise on results. Through the recovering simulated noisy spectra from an interferometer, the temperature profile with vertical resolution better than 2 km and an average accuracy better than 2 K is obtained by the optimized inversion method in this paper. In addition, the influence of a priori constraints on the inversion accuracy is studied, and a priori accuracy limits the inversion accuracy. When a priori accuracy is controlled within ±5 K, the average temperature inversion accuracy can be optimized to 1.35 K, which is better than the accuracy of OSIRIS on Odin at 90–105 km.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app13063916
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    FIP200 Methylation by SETD2 Prevents Trim21-Induced Degradation and Preserves Autophagy Initiation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 21 ( 2022-10-22), p. 3333-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 21 ( 2022-10-22), p. 3333-
    Abstract: FIP200, also known as RB1CC1, is a protein that assembles the autophagy initiation complex. Its post-translational modifications and degradation mechanisms are unclear. Upon autophagy activation, we find that FIP200 is methylated at lysine1133 (K1133) by methyltransferase SETD2. We identify the E3 ligase Trim21 to be responsible for FIP200 ubiquitination by targeting K1133, resulting in FIP200 degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome system. SETD2-induced methylation blocks Trim21-mediated ubiquitination and degradation, preserving autophagy activity. SETD2 and Trim21 orchestrate FIP200 protein stability to achieve dynamic and precise control of autophagy flux.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11213333
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Occlusion-Aware Framework for Real-Time 3D Pose Tracking
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Sensors Vol. 18, No. 8 ( 2018-08-20), p. 2734-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 8 ( 2018-08-20), p. 2734-
    Abstract: Random forest-based methods for 3D temporal tracking over an image sequence have gained increasing prominence in recent years. They do not require object’s texture and only use the raw depth images and previous pose as input, which makes them especially suitable for textureless objects. These methods learn a built-in occlusion handling from predetermined occlusion patterns, which are not always able to model the real case. Besides, the input of random forest is mixed with more and more outliers as the occlusion deepens. In this paper, we propose an occlusion-aware framework capable of real-time and robust 3D pose tracking from RGB-D images. To this end, the proposed framework is anchored in the random forest-based learning strategy, referred to as RFtracker. We aim to enhance its performance from two aspects: integrated local refinement of random forest on one side, and online rendering based occlusion handling on the other. In order to eliminate the inconsistency between learning and prediction of RFtracker, a local refinement step is embedded to guide random forest towards the optimal regression. Furthermore, we present an online rendering-based occlusion handling to improve the robustness against dynamic occlusion. Meanwhile, a lightweight convolutional neural network-based motion-compensated (CMC) module is designed to cope with fast motion and inevitable physical delay caused by imaging frequency and data transmission. Finally, experiments show that our proposed framework can cope better with heavily-occluded scenes than RFtracker and preserve the real-time performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s18082734
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Look-Up Table Based Fractional Order Composite Controller Synthesis Method for the PMSM Speed Servo System
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Fractal and Fractional Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2022-01-15), p. 47-
    Details
    In: Fractal and Fractional, MDPI AG, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2022-01-15), p. 47-
    Abstract: Considering the performance requirements in actual applications, a look-up table based fractional order composite control scheme for the permanent magnet synchronous motor speed servo system is proposed. Firstly, an extended state observer based compensation scheme was adopted to suppress the motor parametric uncertainties and convert the speed servo plant into a double-integrator model. Then, a fractional order proportional-derivative (PDμ) controller was adopted as the speed controller to provide the optimal step response performance for the servo system. A universal look-up table was established to estimate the derivative order of the PDμ controller, according to the optimal samples collected by an improved differential evolution algorithm. With the look-up table, the optimal PDμ controller can be tuned analytically. Simulation and experimental results show that the servo system using the composite control scheme can achieve optimal tracking performance and has robustness to the motor parametric uncertainties and disturbance torques.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2504-3110
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract6010047
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2905371-7
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