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  • MDPI AG  (38)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Novel 10-Substituted Dihydroartemisinin Derivatives Containing N-Arylphenyl-ethenesulfonamide Groups
    MDPI AG ; 2013
    In:  Molecules Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2013-03-04), p. 2864-2877
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2013-03-04), p. 2864-2877
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032864
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 2
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    Design, Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel 2-Substituted-4-amino-6-halogenquinolines
    MDPI AG ; 2012
    In:  Molecules Vol. 17, No. 5 ( 2012-05-16), p. 5870-5881
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 5 ( 2012-05-16), p. 5870-5881
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055870
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of the Water Resource Carrying Capacity on the North Slope of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-02-07), p. 1905-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-02-07), p. 1905-
    Abstract: Water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) is essential for characterizing the harmony between humans and water resources in an area. Investigation of the WRCC is useful for guiding the sustainable development of a region. The northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains is an important area for the economic development of Xinjiang, China. In recent years, the supply of water in the area barely satisfies the demand. To quantitatively evaluate the WRCC, data for four indicators including the water resources, social and economic development, and ecological environment of the area were utilized. The comprehensive weighting method, which combines the entropy and analytic hierarchy processes, was used to assess these indicators. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was employed to evaluate the urban WRCC of the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain for 2018. The results showed urban WRCC values varying between good and moderate for the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, and this indicates that the study area is in a loadable state. Although the water supply can meet the development of cities on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains to a certain extent at this stage, because it is located in the arid region of western China, the shortage and uneven distribution of water resources are one of the biggest limiting factors for the future development of this region. The findings of the present study provide a basis for the development, rational allocation, and sustainable utilization of urban water resources on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14031905
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 4
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    Effect of Smashing Ridge Tillage Depth on Soil Water, Salinity, and Yield in Saline Cotton Fields in South Xinjiang, China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Water Vol. 13, No. 24 ( 2021-12-14), p. 3592-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 24 ( 2021-12-14), p. 3592-
    Abstract: To explore the potential of smashing ridge tillage irrigation, it is necessary to investigate how smashing ridge tillage technology with mulched drip irrigation affects soil water, salinity, and cotton yield in saline fields. We conducted a two-year (2020–2021) field experiment to study the effects of different smashing ridge tillage depths on soil bulk density, moisture, salinity, dry matter production, yield, and its constituents (effective bolls, 100-bell weight). There were three smashing ridge tillage depths: A (20 cm), B (40 cm), and C (60 cm), with traditional tillage as the CT. The results showed that all of the smashing ridge tillage could reduce soil bulk density, improve the utilization and uptake of deep soil water during the rapid growth period, and reduce the soil salt content. Compared with the CT treatment, the average soil bulk density of the 0–60 cm soil layer in treatments A, B, and C in 2020 and 2021 decreased by 3.05%, 5.87%, 10.09%, and 1.65%, 4.48%, and 8.49%, respectively. The average soil water content in the 0–120 cm soil layer at the flowering and boll stage decreased by 3.68%, 6.28%, 9.04%, and 3.59%, 6.52%, and 9.98%, respectively; the soil salt content in the 0–120 cm soil layer at the boll opening stage decreased by 4.21%, 6.75%, 11.95%, and 5.47%, 24.25%, and 54.13%, respectively. Cotton dry matter production and yield tended to increase with an increasing depth of smash ridge tillage. Treatment C obtained the maximum dry matter production, seed cotton yield, effective bolls, and 100-boll weight. The dry matter production at the boll opening stage was significantly increased by 17.16% and 15.91%, and the yield was significantly increased by 65.24% and 84.14% in treatments C in 2020 and 2021, respectively, compared to CT. The smashing ridge tillage of 60 cm can optimize the structure of the soil tillage layer and also reduce soil salinity and increase yield, which is the suitable depth of smashing ridge tillage for saline cotton fields in the south of Xinjiang. The findings of the study can provide some theoretical basis and practical experience for the improvement of saline soils and sustainable agricultural development in South Xinjiang, China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w13243592
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 5
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    Model-Based Optimization of Design Parameters of Subsurface Drain in Cotton Field under Mulch Drip Irrigation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Water Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-24), p. 3369-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-24), p. 3369-
    Abstract: In this study, the influence of the relevant parameters of a subsurface pipe layout on soil water and salt transport in a cotton field under mulched drip irrigation is explored. Based on the measured data of the changes in the groundwater level and salt in the field, the DRAINMOD numerical model has been used for simulating the water and salt dynamics of a salinized cotton field under subsurface pipe drainage. The results of the investigation show that the DRAINMOD model can accurately simulate the changes in the hydrological conditions and the salt-leaching process in the study area. The average deviation between the simulated and measured values of the groundwater depth in 2013 and 2014 was −1.72 cm and 2.43 cm, the average absolute deviation was 3.84 cm and 2.43 cm, the root mean square error was 5.14 cm and 3.63 cm, and the correlation coefficient was 0.87 and 0.94, respectively. The average deviation between the simulated and measured values of soil salinity in 2013 and 2014 was −0.68 g/kg and −1.86 g/kg, the average absolute deviation was 1.60 g/kg and 1.99 g/kg, the root mean square error was 1.95 g/kg and 2.99 g/kg, and the correlation coefficient was 0.82 and 0.86, respectively, which are all within the acceptable error range. After validation, the model was used to simulate and analyze the desalination process of a cotton field in the study area for 27 different subsurface pipe layout modes. The projection pursuit classification model has been combined with the accelerated genetic algorithm based on real-number coding. The comprehensive benefits of the subsurface pipe layout were evaluated using the construction cost, average desalination rate, and relative yield of cotton as the evaluation indices. The results show that C11 (buried depth 2.1 m, spacing 30 m) is the optimal layout of the subsurface pipe. The results of this study can provide theoretical support and scientific guidance for the popularization and application of subsurface pipe salt discharge technology and drip irrigation under film in the arid inland areas of northwest China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w14213369
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 6
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    Water–Nitrogen Coupling and Multi-Objective Optimization of Cotton under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Arid Northwest China
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2019-12-17), p. 894-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2019-12-17), p. 894-
    Abstract: Cotton is the most important cash crop in Xinjiang but low utilization rate of water and fertilizer is restricting healthy development of this industry. At present, there is a lack of water and nitrogen management optimization methods based on multi-objectives of cotton water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), yield, and income. A continuous field experiment was conducted during 2017–2018 to study the effects of water–nitrogen coupling on cotton growth, WUE, NUE, nitrogen partial factor productivity, yield, quality, and economic benefits under drip irrigation in northern Xinjiang. Using multiple regression and spatial analyses, the water and nitrogen management strategy for multi-objective optimization was determined. Three irrigation levels were used—low (I1), medium (I2), and full (I3)—Representing 75%, 87.5%, and 100% of cotton water demand, respectively. The three nitrogen application levels were low (N1, 210 kg/ha), medium (N2, 280 kg/ha), and high (N3, 350 kg/ha), representing 75%, 100%, and 125% of the local nitrogen application, respectively. Among all treatments, the leaf area index, boll weight, dry matter quantity and yield reached respective maxima of 4.43 m2/m2, 4.73 g, 16,623 kg/ha, and 6333 kg/ha for the I3N2 treatment. Cotton fiber quality was the best for I3 irrigation, but too little or too much nitrogen reduced fiber quality. The economic benefit under I3 irrigation was 1.93–4.81 times that for I1. For a single optimization objective, WUE reached a maximum of 1.78 kg/ha·mm for irrigation of 415.80 mm and nitrogen application of 295.71 kg/ha; corresponding single maxima follow: NUE of 37.65% for 418.27 mm and 278.57 kg/ha; yield of 6416.42 kg/ha for 470.12 mm and 304.29 kg/ha; and economic benefit of 15,338.55 RMB/ha for 470.12 mm and 307.14 kg/ha. Multiple regression and spatial analysis showed that for irrigation of 430.71–440.12 mm and nitrogen application of 270.95–318.45 kg/ha, the WUE, NUE, yield, and economic benefits of cotton simultaneously exceeded 90% of their maxima, which was an efficient and reasonable water and nitrogen management mode in this location. The results provide a scientific basis for effective integrated management of water and fertilizer in drip irrigation cotton fields in northern Xinjiang.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120894
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 7
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    Irrigation Method and Volume for Korla Fragrant Pear: Impact on Soil Water and Salinity, Yield, and Fruit Quality
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08-22), p. 1980-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08-22), p. 1980-
    Abstract: A field study in an orchard of Korla fragrant pear tested three levels of irrigation (as varying proportions of evapotranspiration; namely, W1: 70% ETC, W2: 85% ETC, and W3: 100% ETC) and four methods of applying such irrigation; namely, F1: surface drip, F2: subsurface, F3: root zone infiltration, and CK: flood irrigation (as the control or check). The effects of the different treatments were evaluated in terms of plant growth (shoot length and leaf area), fruit yield and quality, and the distribution of water and salt in soil. For a given method of irrigation, soil moisture content, wet-front displacement, the length of new shoots, and leaf area under W3 were significantly higher than those under W1 and W2. The salt content under W3 was also significantly lower than that under W1 and W2, whereas the yield was significantly higher—by 5.89–13.85% compared to that under W2 and by 4.08–13.13% compared to that under W1. For a given volume of irrigation, yield, water-use efficiency, and fruit quality were significantly higher under F3 and F2 than those under F1. Soil water was more uniformly distributed and its content was significantly higher under F3 than the corresponding values under F1 or F2. The salt content of the root zone was the lowest under F3, and most of the soil salt was in soil layers deeper than 80 cm, but there was no significant difference between F3 and F2 (p 〈 0.05). There were also no significant differences in shoot length and leaf area among the three irrigation methods (F1, F2, and F3) (p 〈 0.05). Compared to that under F1, root zone infiltration under W1 was 3.61% greater, that under W2 was 6.58% greater, and that under W3 was 5.43% greater. The irrigation water-use efficiency and production factor efficiency for nitrogen under F3 and F2 were significantly higher than those under F1 (p 〈 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that the comprehensive score for fruit quality under different volumes of irrigation was the highest under W3, was intermediate under W2, and was the lowest under W1. The corresponding ranking of different irrigation methods was F2, F3, F1, and CK. Comprehensive analysis showed that yield, quality, and the efficiency of utilization of water and fertilizer were higher under the combination W3F3 than under any other combination—therefore, irrigation at 100% of evapotranspiration applied through root zone infiltration is recommended for Korla fragrant pear. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the optimal use of water and for salt control in pear in Korla, Xinjiang.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12081980
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 8
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    Preliminary Studies on How to Reduce the Effects of Salinity
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-29), p. 3006-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-29), p. 3006-
    Abstract: Soil salinization is an important factor contributing to the deterioration of soil environment and low crop yield in arable land. In this study, the effects of five fulvic acid applications (0 (CK), 150 (T1), 300 (T2), 450 (T3), and 600 (T4) kg·ha−1) on soil physicochemical properties, humus content of each component, and cotton (Xinluzao No. 82) growth were investigated. It was confirmed that fulvic acid improved soil water-stable macroaggregates, moisture distribution, and desalinization. 0–20 cm soil relative desalinization rate was significantly increased by 2–11.75%. The pH value decreased by 0.09–0.21. The soil organic matter content was significantly increased compared to CK (p 〈 0.05), with 7.5–26.93% increase in organic matter content in 0–20 cm soil layer. Soil humification was increased to different degrees, with the most significant increase in humic carbon content in T3 treatment (p 〈 0.05). There was a significant increase in leaf area index (LAI), stem diameter, and plant height of cotton (p 〈 0.05). Cotton yield increased by 3.64–8.36% compared to CK (p 〈 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that cotton yield was significantly correlated with the soil textures of saline soils. The best improvement was achieved with 450 kg·ha−1 fulvic acid. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of saline soils in arid zones to enhance crop growth and yield.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12123006
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Correction: Chen et al. The Chemerin/CMKLR1 Axis Is Involved in the Recruitment of Microglia to Aβ Deposition through p38 MAPK Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9041
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 506-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 506-
    Abstract: In the original publication [...]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010506
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    The Chemerin/CMKLR1 Axis Is Involved in the Recruitment of Microglia to Aβ Deposition through p38 MAPK Pathway
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 16 ( 2022-08-12), p. 9041-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 16 ( 2022-08-12), p. 9041-
    Abstract: The accumulation of microglia around senile plaques is one of the pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Chemerin is an adipokine with immune-modulating properties. Our previous study showed that chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), the receptor for chemerin, is also a functional receptor of Aβ. However, it remains unclear whether and how the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis affects the migration of microglia. The impact of CMKLR1 on microglial activation and recruitment toward Aβ deposits was examined in APP/PS1 mice mated with CMKLR1 knockout (CMKLR1−/−) mice. CMKLR1 deficiency reduced the number of microglia around Aβ deposits in aged APP/PS1-CMKLR1−/− mice compared with APP/PS1 mice. Chemerin expression was significantly decreased in the hippocampus and cortex of aged APP/PS1 mice compared with WT mice. In vitro assays demonstrated that activation of the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis promoted the migration of primary cultures of microglia and murine microglial N9 cells. Mechanistic studies found that chemerin/CMKLR1 induced polarization and protrusion formation of microglia by promoting the remodeling of actin filaments and microtubules, and Golgi apparatus reorientation. The inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuated the promotion of the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis on microglial migration and polarization. In addition, chemerin inhibited Aβ-induced microglial clustering. The inhibition of p38 MAPK alleviated the suppressive effect of chemerin on Aβ-induced microglial aggregation. Our data indicate that the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis is involved in the migration and recruitment of microglia to senile plaques via the p38 MAPK pathway. Modulation of the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis is a potential new strategy for AD therapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169041
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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