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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Influences of Cement Hydration and Temperature on the Thixotropy of Cement Paste
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Materials Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2020-04-15), p. 1853-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2020-04-15), p. 1853-
    Abstract: The rheological properties of fresh cement paste are highly influenced by a large number of parameters, among which the most important factors are the applied shear stress, and the shear history, the age of the sample and the temperature. The effects of these parameters on the yield stress (designated as structural limit stress in this work), the viscosity and the structural recovery rate (i.e., the change in dynamic viscosity with time at rest) were studied. In parallel, the changes in ion composition of the carrier liquid, mineral phase content and granulometry were investigated. The results reveal that all investigated rheological parameters exhibit an approximated bi-linear trend with respect to the degree of hydration, with a period of quasi-constant properties until a degree of hydration of approximately 0.07, followed by a non-linear increase. This increase could be attributed to the formation of calcium hydroxide (CH) and calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) via calorimetry results. With regard to the effect of the shear history of the sample on the rheological properties, the structural limit stress showed a minor dependency on the shear history immediately after the end of shearing, which, however, vanished within the first minute at rest. The same is true for the structural recovery rate. The presented results give detailed insights into the influences of hydration and shear on the rheological properties—especially the thixotropy—of fresh cement pastes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma13081853
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Relaxed Horse—A Relaxed Client? An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Therapy Horses’ Stress on Clients’ Stress, Mood, and Anxiety
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Animals Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-02-13), p. 604-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-02-13), p. 604-
    Abstract: Equine-assisted therapies are becoming increasingly popular for addressing physical and psychological disabilities in clients. The role of the horse’s welfare in equine-assisted service receives increasing attention in research. Several studies have shown that horses are able to perceive human emotions and respond to human stress responses. However, no research has yet looked at the other side of the coin—whether and how humans perceive and react to equine stress levels during equine-assisted services. To fill this gap in the research, we employed a within-subjects design, in which horse-naïve participants had a standardized interaction with both an experimentally stressed horse and an experimentally relaxed horse. We assessed physiological indicators of stress (heart rate, heart rate variability, and salivary cortisol) in participants and horses, as well as psychological indicators of stress (state anxiety and positive and negative affect) in participants. Although our stress and relaxation manipulations were successful (indicated by horses’ physiological indicators of stress), we did not find any difference in the participants’ physiological or psychological indicators of stress between the interaction with a stressed and the interaction with a relaxed horse. Together with results from previous studies, this suggests that humans cannot intuitively recognize the (physiological) stress level of horses, which has important implications for effective communication and bonding between humans and horses and for the safety of equine activities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani14040604
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Abscopal Effects in Metastatic Cancer: Is a Predictive Approach Possible to Improve Individual Outcomes?
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-10-31), p. 5124-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-10-31), p. 5124-
    Abstract: Patients with metastatic cancers often require radiotherapy (RT) as a palliative therapy for cancer pain. RT can, however, also induce systemic antitumor effects outside of the irradiated field (abscopal effects) in various cancer entities. The occurrence of the abscopal effect is associated with a specific immunological activation in response to RT-induced cell death, which is mainly seen under concomitant immune checkpoint blockade. Even if the number of reported apscopal effects has increased since the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibition, its occurrence is still considered rare and unpredictable. The cases reported so far may nevertheless allow for identifying first biomarkers and clinical patterns. We here review biomarkers that may be helpful to predict the occurrence of abscopal effects and hence to optimize therapy for patients with metastatic cancers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215124
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Animal Models and Their Role in Imaging-Assisted Co-Clinical Trials
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Tomography Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2023-03-16), p. 657-680
    Details
    In: Tomography, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2023-03-16), p. 657-680
    Abstract: The availability of high-fidelity animal models for oncology research has grown enormously in recent years, enabling preclinical studies relevant to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer to be undertaken. This has led to increased opportunities to conduct co-clinical trials, which are studies on patients that are carried out parallel to or sequentially with animal models of cancer that mirror the biology of the patients’ tumors. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) are considered to be the models that best represent human disease and have high translational value. Notably, one element of co-clinical trials that still needs significant optimization is quantitative imaging. The National Cancer Institute has organized a Co-Clinical Imaging Resource Program (CIRP) network to establish best practices for co-clinical imaging and to optimize translational quantitative imaging methodologies. This overview describes the ten co-clinical trials of investigators from eleven institutions who are currently supported by the CIRP initiative and are members of the Animal Models and Co-clinical Trials (AMCT) Working Group. Each team describes their corresponding clinical trial, type of cancer targeted, rationale for choice of animal models, therapy, and imaging modalities. The strengths and weaknesses of the co-clinical trial design and the challenges encountered are considered. The rich research resources generated by the members of the AMCT Working Group will benefit the broad research community and improve the quality and translational impact of imaging in co-clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2379-139X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/tomography9020053
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2857000-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Online Repository for Pre-Clinical Imaging Protocols (PIPs)
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Tomography Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2023-03-27), p. 750-758
    Details
    In: Tomography, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2023-03-27), p. 750-758
    Abstract: Providing method descriptions that are more detailed than currently available in typical peer reviewed journals has been identified as an actionable area for improvement. In the biochemical and cell biology space, this need has been met through the creation of new journals focused on detailed protocols and materials sourcing. However, this format is not well suited for capturing instrument validation, detailed imaging protocols, and extensive statistical analysis. Furthermore, the need for additional information must be counterbalanced by the additional time burden placed upon researchers who may be already overtasked. To address these competing issues, this white paper describes protocol templates for positron emission tomography (PET), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can be leveraged by the broad community of quantitative imaging experts to write and self-publish protocols in protocols.io. Similar to the Structured Transparent Accessible Reproducible (STAR) or Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) articles, authors are encouraged to publish peer reviewed papers and then to submit more detailed experimental protocols using this template to the online resource. Such protocols should be easy to use, readily accessible, readily searchable, considered open access, enable community feedback, editable, and citable by the author.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2379-139X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/tomography9020060
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2857000-5
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    A Novel C3/C4-Fused Indole Scaffold through Acid-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Molecules Vol. 29, No. 13 ( 2024-06-27), p. 3064-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 29, No. 13 ( 2024-06-27), p. 3064-
    Abstract: 3,4-bridged indoles are underrepresented among the vast number of indoles described in the literature. Attempts to access 3,4-macrocyclized indoles led to the unexpected formation of a novel tetracyclic indole through intramolecular acid-catalyzed ring contraction. The herein-established one-step synthetic route provides an excellent medicinal chemistry platform for the construction of screening libraries covering a unique chemical space of indoles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133064
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Comparison of Two Open Source LiDAR Surface Classification Algorithms
    MDPI AG ; 2011
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2011-03-22), p. 638-649
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2011-03-22), p. 638-649
    Abstract: With the progression of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) towards a mainstream resource management tool, it has become necessary to understand how best to process and analyze the data. While most ground surface identification algorithms remain proprietary and have high purchase costs; a few are openly available, free to use, and are supported by published results. Two of the latter are the multiscale curvature classification and the Boise Center Aerospace Laboratory LiDAR (BCAL) algorithms. This study investigated the accuracy of these two algorithms (and a combination of the two) to create a digital terrain model from a raw LiDAR point cloud in a semi-arid landscape. Accuracy of each algorithm was assessed via comparison with 〉 7,000 high precision survey points stratified across six different cover types. The overall performance of both algorithms differed by only 2%; however, within specific cover types significant differences were observed in accuracy. The results highlight the accuracy of both algorithms across a variety of vegetation types, and ultimately suggest specific scenarios where one approach may outperform the other. Each algorithm produced similar results except in the ceanothus and conifer cover types where BCAL produced lower errors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs3030638
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Drosophila as a Model for Infectious Diseases
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 5 ( 2021-03-08), p. 2724-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 5 ( 2021-03-08), p. 2724-
    Abstract: The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to understand fundamental principles of genetics and biology for over a century. Drosophila is now also considered an essential tool to study mechanisms underlying numerous human genetic diseases. In this review, we will discuss how flies can be used to deepen our knowledge of infectious disease mechanisms in vivo. Flies make effective and applicable models for studying host-pathogen interactions thanks to their highly conserved innate immune systems and cellular processes commonly hijacked by pathogens. Drosophila researchers also possess the most powerful, rapid, and versatile tools for genetic manipulation in multicellular organisms. This allows for robust experiments in which specific pathogenic proteins can be expressed either one at a time or in conjunction with each other to dissect the molecular functions of each virulent factor in a cell-type-specific manner. Well documented phenotypes allow large genetic and pharmacological screens to be performed with relative ease using huge collections of mutant and transgenic strains that are publicly available. These factors combine to make Drosophila a powerful tool for dissecting out host-pathogen interactions as well as a tool to better understand how we can treat infectious diseases that pose risks to public health, including COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052724
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Factors Influencing Vertical Transmission of Psittacine Bornavirus in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2022-12-06), p. 2721-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2022-12-06), p. 2721-
    Abstract: The transmission of parrot bornavirus is still not fully understood. Although horizontal transmission through wounds can be one route, vertical transmission is still discussed. PaBV RNA and PaBV antigen were detected in psittacine embryos, but isolation of the virus failed, raising doubts about this route. In this study, cockatiels were infected either as adults (adult group) or during the first 6 days after hatching (juvenile group) and raised until sexual maturity to breed and lay eggs. A total of 92 eggs (adult group: 49, juvenile group: 43) were laid and incubated until day 17. The embryos and yolk samples were examined by RT-PCR for PaBV RNA and by infectivity assay for infectious virus. In the adult group, 14/31 embryos (45.2%) and 20/39 (51%) of the yolk samples demonstrated PaBV RNA in the PCR. Isolation of PaBV was not possible in any embryo of this group, but it was achieved in six yolk samples from one female. Anti-PaBV antibodies were detected in the yolk samples after seroconversion of all female parents. In the juvenile group, 22/29 embryos (74.9%) were positive for PaBV RNA. In 9/21 embryos (42.9%), PaBV isolation was possible. PaBV RNA was detected in 100% and infectious virus in 41% of the yolk samples. Anti-PaBV antibodies were detected in all yolk samples. For the first time, successful vertical transmission of PaBV was proven, but it seems to depend on the age when the parent birds are infected. Therefore, the age of the bird at time of infection may be an important factor in the occurrence of vertical transmission.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14122721
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Endocrine and Local IGF-I in the Bony Fish Immune System
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Biology Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2016-01-26), p. 9-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2016-01-26), p. 9-
    Abstract: A role for GH and IGF-I in the modulation of the immune system has been under discussion for decades. Generally, GH is considered a stimulator of innate immune parameters in mammals and teleost fish. The stimulatory effects in humans as well as in bony fish often appear to be correlated with elevated endocrine IGF-I (liver-derived), which has also been shown to be suppressed during infection in some studies. Nevertheless, data are still fragmentary. Some studies point to an important role of GH and IGF-I particularly during immune organ development and constitution. Even less is known about the potential relevance of local (autocrine/paracrine) IGF-I within adult and developing immune organs, and the distinct localization of IGF-I in immune cells and tissues of mammals and fish has not been systematically defined. Thus far, IGF-I has been localized in different mammalian immune cell types, particularly macrophages and granulocytes, and in supporting cells, but not in T-lymphocytes. In the present study, we detected IGF-I in phagocytic cells isolated from rainbow trout head kidney and, in contrast to some findings in mammals, in T-cells of a channel catfish cell line. Thus, although numerous analogies among mammals and teleosts exist not only for the GH/IGF-system, but also for the immune system, there are differences that should be further investigated. For instance, it is unclear whether the primarily reported role of GH/IGF-I in the innate immune response is due to the lack of studies focusing on the adaptive immune system, or whether it truly preferentially concerns innate immune parameters. Infectious challenges in combination with GH/IGF-I manipulations are another important topic that has not been sufficiently addressed to date, particularly with respect to developmental and environmental influences on fish growth and health.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology5010009
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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