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  • MDPI AG  (51)
  • 1
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    Nitrite Enhances MC-LR-Induced Changes on Splenic Oxidation Resistance and Innate Immunity in Male Zebrafish
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Toxins Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2018-12-03), p. 512-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2018-12-03), p. 512-
    Abstract: Hazardous contaminants, such as nitrite and microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), are released into water bodies during cyanobacterial blooms and may adversely influence the normal physiological function of hydrobiontes. The combined effects of nitrite and MC-LR on the antioxidant defense and innate immunity were evaluated through an orthogonal experimental design (nitrite: 0, 29, 290 μM; MC-LR: 0, 3, 30 nM). Remarkable increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels have suggested that nitrite and/or MC-LR exposures induce oxidative stress in fish spleen, which were indirectly confirmed by significant downregulations of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as transcriptional levels of antioxidant enzyme genes cat1, sod1 and gpx1a. Simultaneously, nitrite and MC-LR significantly decreased serum complement C3 levels as well as the transcriptional levels of splenic c3b, lyz, il1β, ifnγ and tnfα, and indicated that they could jointly impact the innate immunity of fish. The severity and extent of splenic lesions were aggravated by increased concentration of nitrite or MC-LR and became more serious in combined groups. The damages of mitochondria and pseudopodia in splenic macrophages suggest that oxidative stress exerted by nitrite and MC-LR aimed at the membrane structure of immune cells and ultimately disrupted immune function. Our results clearly demonstrate that nitrite and MC-LR exert synergistic suppressive effects on fish innate immunity via interfering antioxidant responses, and their joint toxicity should not be underestimated in eutrophic lakes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120512
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 2
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    Chronic Microcystin-LR Exposure Induces Abnormal Lipid Metabolism via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Male Zebrafish
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Toxins Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2020-02-07), p. 107-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2020-02-07), p. 107-
    Abstract: In order to explore effects of low levels of continuous microcystin-LR (MC-LR) (a cyanotoxin) exposure on hepatic lipid metabolism on the basis of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway, we exposed adult male zebrafish to MC-LR (0, 1, 5, and 25 μg/L) for 60 days, and hepatic histopathology as well as lipid metabolic parameters were determined with mRNA levels of ERS signal molecules and downstream factors, along with genes associated with lipid metabolism in zebrafish liver. The results revealed that prolonged exposure to MC-LR remarkably altered the levels of hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride and led to hepatic steatosis, which was also confirmed by hepatic cytoplasmic vacuolization in Hematoxylin/eosin (H & E) stain and lipid droplet accumulation in Oil Red O stain. The severity of hepatic damage and lipidation was increased in a dose-related manner. MC-LR exposure significantly upregulated transcriptional levels of ERS markers including hspa5, mapk8, and chop, indicating the occurrence of ERS in the liver of zebrafish. Concurrently, MC-LR significantly improved mRNA expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway-related genes including atf6, eif2ak3, ern1, and xbp1s, suggesting that all of the three UPR branches were activated by MC-LR. MC-LR also induced significant upregulation of downstream lipid metabolism-related factors and genes including srebf1, srebf2, fatty acid synthase (fasn), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acaca), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (scd), HMG CoA reductase (hmgcra), and HMG CoA synthase (hmgcs1), and downregulation of genes associated with lipolysis such as triglyceride hydrolase gene (atgl), hormone-sensitive enzyme gene (hsla), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase gene (cpt1aa). Our present results indicated that the cause of hepatic lipid accumulation by MC-LR was mainly by upregulating lipogenic and cholesterol genes but downregulating the expression of lipolytic genes through the induction of srebf1 and srebf2, which were involved in the activation of ERS signal pathways.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020107
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of Ammonia Nitrogen Exposure in Immune Defenses Present on Spleen and Head-Kidney of Wuchang Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 6 ( 2022-03-15), p. 3129-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 6 ( 2022-03-15), p. 3129-
    Abstract: Ammonia is one of the most important environmental factors in aquatic ecosystems. However, there are limited studies on the effects of chronic or long-term ammonia stress and its potential molecular mechanism in fish. This study aimed to investigate the immune response and molecular mechanisms in the spleen and head-kidney of fish following chronic ammonia exposure. Megalobrama amblycephala (9.98 ± 0.48 g) were exposed to different concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (0–30 mg/L) for 30 days. Ammonia exposure caused significant increases in cortisol levels and decreases in lysozyme and complement 3/4 concentrations in the serum, indicating inhibitory effects of ammonia stress on innate immune responses. Ammonia exposure also induced concentration-dependent increases in ammonia concentrations in tissue, pathological damage and indexes of spleen and head-kidney. Additionally, the contents of immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as mRNA levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs)/Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-independent signaling molecules in the spleen and head-kidney were significantly downregulated after ammonia exposure. Our findings suggested that chronic ammonia exposure caused the suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses through downregulating TLR/MyD88-independent signaling. Adverse influences of chronic ammonia stress were more severe in the spleen than in the head-kidney.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063129
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
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    Persistent Exposure to Environmental Levels of Microcystin-LR Disturbs Cortisol Production via Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal (HPI) Axis and Subsequently Liver Glucose Metabolism in Adult Male Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Toxins Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-04-28), p. 282-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-04-28), p. 282-
    Abstract: There is growing evidence that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a new endocrine disruptor, whereas the impacts of persistent exposure to MC-LR on the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and health hazards thereafter have not been investigated. In this work, adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) were immersed into MC-LR solutions at concentrations of 0, 1, 5 and 25 μg/L for 30 d, respectively. The results showed that persistent MC-LR exposure caused an extensive upregulation of HPI-axis genes but an inhibition of brain nuclear receptors (gr and mr), which finally increased serum cortisol levels. Furthermore, the decreased expression of hepatic gr might partly be responsible for the strong inhibition on the expression of downstream genes involved in glucose metabolic enzymes, including gluconeogenesis-related genes (pepck, fbp1a, g6pca), glycogenolysis-related gene (pyg), glycolysis-related genes (gk, pfk1b, pk) and glycogenesis-related gene (gys2). These findings are in accordance with the decline in serum glucose, indicating that long-term MC-LR exposure caused a lower production of glucose relative to glucose lysis. Our above results firstly establish the link between persistent MC-LR exposure and impaired glucose metabolism, suggesting that long-term MC-LR-mediated stress might threaten fish’s health.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050282
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 5
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    Genetic Variation in ZmPAT7 Contributes to Tassel Branch Number in Maize
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 2586-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 2586-
    Abstract: Tassel branch number (TBN) is one of the important agronomic traits that contribute to the efficiency of seed production and has been selected strongly during the modern maize breeding process. However, the genetic mechanisms of TBN in maize are not entirely clear. In this study, we used a B73 × CML247 recombination inbred lines (RILs) population to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for TBN. A total of four QTLs (qTBN2a, qTBN2b, qTBN4, and qTBN6) and six candidate genes were identified through expression analysis. Further, one of the candidates (GRMZM2G010011, ZmPAT7) encoding an S-acyltransferase was selected to validate its function by CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and its loss-of-function lines showed a significant increase in TBN. A key SNP(−101) variation in the promoter of ZmPAT7 was significantly associated with TBN. A total of 17 distant eQTLs associated with the expression of ZmPAT7 were identified in expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, and ZmNAC3 may be a major factor involved in regulating ZmPAT7. These findings of the present study promote our understanding of the genetic basis of tassel architecture and provide new gene resources for maize breeding improvement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052586
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Transcriptome Responses to Different Environments in Intertidal Zones in the Peanut Worm Sipunculus nudus
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Biology Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2023-08-29), p. 1182-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2023-08-29), p. 1182-
    Abstract: The peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) is an important intertidal species worldwide. Species living in the same aquaculture area might suffer different environmental impacts. To increase knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to environmental fluctuations, we performed a transcriptome analysis of S. nudus from different intertidal zones using a combination of the SMRT platform and the Illumina sequencing platform. (1) A total of 105,259 unigenes were assembled, and 23,063 unigenes were perfectly annotated. The results of the PacBio Iso-Seq and IIIumina RNA-Seq enriched the genetic database of S. nudus. (2) A total of 830 DEGs were detected in S. nudus from the different groups. In particular, 33 DEGs had differential expression in the top nine KEGG pathways related to pathogens, protein synthesis, and cellular immune response and signaling. The results indicate that S. nudus from different zones experience different environmental stresses. (3) Several DEGs (HSPA1, NFKBIA, eEF1A, etc.) in pathways related to pathogens (influenza A, legionellosis, measles, and toxoplasmosis) had higher expression in groups M and L. HSPA1 was clearly enriched in most of the pathways, followed by NFKBIA. The results show that the peanut worms from the M and L tidal flats might have suffered more severe environmental conditions. (4) Some DEGs (MKP, MRAS, and HSPB1) were upregulated in peanut worms from the H tidal flat, and these DEGs were mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway. These results indicate that the MAPK pathway may play a vital role in the immune response of the peanut worm to the effects of different intertidal flats. This study provides a valuable starting point for further studies to elucidate the molecular basis of the response to different environmental stresses in S. nudus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology12091182
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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  • 7
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    The Effect of Fabrication Error on the Performance of Mid-Infrared Metalens with Large Field-of-View
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-21), p. 440-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-21), p. 440-
    Abstract: Mid-infrared large field-of-view (FOV) imaging optics play a vital role in infrared imaging and detection. The metalens, which is composed of subwavelength-arrayed structures, provides a new possibility for the miniaturization of large FOV imaging systems. However, the inaccuracy during fabrication is the main obstacle to developing practical uses for metalenses. Here, we introduce the principle and method of designing a large FOV doublet metalens at the mid-infrared band. Then, the quantitative relationship between the fabrication error and the performance of the doublet metalens with a large FOV from four different fabrication errors is explored by using the finite-difference time-domain method. The simulation results show that the inclined sidewall error has the greatest impact on the focusing performance, and the interlayer alignment error deforms the focusing beam and affects the focusing performance, while the spacer thickness error has almost no impact on the performance. The contents discussed in this paper can help manufacturers determine the allowable processing error range of the large FOV doublet metalens and the priority level for optimizing the process, which is of significance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano13030440
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 8
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    Fault Activity in Clay Rock Site Candidate of High Level Radioactive Waste Repository, Tamusu, Inner Mongolia
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Minerals Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2021-08-29), p. 941-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2021-08-29), p. 941-
    Abstract: Tamusu area in Inner Mongolia is one of the favorable site candidates for high level radioactive waste (HLW) repository, which requires a stable regional tectonic environment. Field investigation, mossbauer spectroscopy, major elements, carbon and oxygen isotope and quartz micro morphology of fault gouge and host rock of three faults in the site candidate were conducted. The results show that the F2 and F7 faults on the north and south sides of the site candidate are in a relatively stable state with good sealing and weak activity. Part of the F4 fault is located in the site candidate, and the deportment of a small amount of pyrite in the fault zone and the difference of carbon and oxygen isotopes indicate that it may have experienced material exchange with the deep zone. Attention should be paid to induced earthquake risk.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min11090941
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655947-X
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  • 9
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    The First High-Quality Genome Assembly of Freshwater Pearl Mussel Sinohyriopsis cumingii: New Insights into Pearl Biomineralization
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 25, No. 6 ( 2024-03-09), p. 3146-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 25, No. 6 ( 2024-03-09), p. 3146-
    Abstract: China leads the world in freshwater pearl production, an industry in which the triangle sail mussel (Sinohyriopsis cumingii) plays a pivotal role. In this paper, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of S. cumingii with a size of 2.90 Gb—the largest yet reported among bivalves—and 89.92% anchorage onto 19 linkage groups. The assembled genome has 37,696 protein-coding genes and 50.86% repeat elements. A comparative genomic analysis revealed expansions of 752 gene families, mostly associated with biomineralization, and 237 genes under strong positive selection. Notably, the fibrillin gene family exhibited gene family expansion and positive selection simultaneously, and it also exhibited multiple high expressions after mantle implantation by transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, RNA silencing and an in vitro calcium carbonate crystallization assay highlighted the pivotal role played by one fibrillin gene in calcium carbonate deposition and aragonite transformation. This study provides a valuable genomic resource and offers new insights into the mechanism of pearl biomineralization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063146
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Lower Paleozoic Heituao Shale from Tadong Low Uplift of Tarim Basin, China: Implication for Shale Gas Development
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Minerals Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-15), p. 635-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-15), p. 635-
    Abstract: Tarim Basin is the largest Petroliferous basin in China, while its shale gas development potential has not been fully revealed. The organic-rich black shale in middle Ordovician Heituao Formation from Tadong low uplift of Tarim Basin has been considered as an important source rock and has the characteristic of large thickness, high organic matter content and high thermal maturity degree. To obtain its development potential, geochemical, mineralogical and mechanics research is conducted based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and uniaxial compression experiments. The results show that: (1) the TOC content ranges between 0.63 and 2.51 wt% with an average value of 1.22 wt%, the Tmax values are 382–523 °C (average = 468.9 °C), and the S2 value is relatively low which ranges from 0.08 to 1.37 mg HC/g rock (averaging of 0.42 mg HC/g rock); (2) the organic matter of Heituao shale in Tadong low uplift show poor abundance as indicated by low S2 value, gas-prone property, and post mature stage (stage of dry gas). (3) Quartz is the main mineral component in Heituao shale samples, accounting for 26–94 wt% with an average of 72 wt%. Additionally, its Young’s modulus ranges from 20.0 to 23.1 GPa with an average of 21.2 GPa, Poisson’s ratio ranges between 0.11 and 0.21 (average = 0.15); (4) the fracability parameter of brittleness index (BI) ranges between 0.28 and 0.99 (averaging of 0.85), indicating good fracability potential of Heituao shale of Tadong low uplift and has the potential for shale gas development. This study reveals the shale gas accumulation potential in middle Ordovician of the Tarim Basin, and beneficial for future exploration and production practice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min11060635
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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