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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deep Learning-Based Classification and Semantic Segmentation of Lung Tuberculosis Lesions in Chest X-ray Images
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2024-04-30), p. 952-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2024-04-30), p. 952-
    Abstract: We present a deep learning (DL) network-based approach for detecting and semantically segmenting two specific types of tuberculosis (TB) lesions in chest X-ray (CXR) images. In the proposed method, we use a basic U-Net model and its enhanced versions to detect, classify, and segment TB lesions in CXR images. The model architectures used in this study are U-Net, Attention U-Net, U-Net++, Attention U-Net++, and pyramid spatial pooling (PSP) Attention U-Net++, which are optimized and compared based on the test results of each model to find the best parameters. Finally, we use four ensemble approaches which combine the top five models to further improve lesion classification and segmentation results. In the training stage, we use data augmentation and preprocessing methods to increase the number and strength of lesion features in CXR images, respectively. Our dataset consists of 110 training, 14 validation, and 98 test images. The experimental results show that the proposed ensemble model achieves a maximum mean intersection-over-union (MIoU) of 0.70, a mean precision rate of 0.88, a mean recall rate of 0.75, a mean F1-score of 0.81, and an accuracy of 1.0, which are all better than those of only using a single-network model. The proposed method can be used by clinicians as a diagnostic tool assisting in the examination of TB lesions in CXR images.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090952
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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  • 2
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    Characterizing the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the United States and China
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2015-12-22), p. 30-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2015-12-22), p. 30-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010030
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 3
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    Effect of Temperature and Dwell Time on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of CP-Ti
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Metals Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2018-12-06), p. 1031-
    Details
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2018-12-06), p. 1031-
    Abstract: In this paper, the effects of temperature and dwell time on the Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) behavior of commercial pure titanium were studied under high and low load ratios. Besides, combined with the fracture surface morphology, the specific characteristics of FCG were analyzed under pure fatigue and dwell fatigue conditions. The experiment results show that the FCG rate of commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) increases with the temperature under low load ratio, and the dwell time increases the FCG rate. Also, the enhancement of the dwell time increases as the temperature rises. The dwell effect tends to be saturated when the temperature rises to 200 °C. Under high load ratio, the FCG rate of CP-Ti also exhibits a temperature-sensitive enhancement. The enhancement effect of the dwell time on the FCG rate under high load ratio is more significant. However, the effect of the hold time on the FCG rate does not increase at 300 °C. The da/dN–ΔK/E FCG curves for CP-Ti have a tendency to approach each other under different load ratios, which indicates that the E-modulus is an important factor for the difference. The effect of dwell time on the FCG behavior of CP-Ti is dominated by the creep deformation mechanism under different load ratios from room temperature to 300 °C. At the same time, the oxidation effect gradually becomes significant as the load ratio increases to 300 °C. The fracture surface morphology shows that the secondary cracks and the roughness increase with temperature or dwell time under low load ratio condition, while, under high load ratio, the effect of creep deformation on the FCG behavior is more obviously enhanced, and plastic deformation is gradually significant with increase of the dimples.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/met8121031
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 4
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    Synergistic Effect of Static Magnetic Fields and 3D-Printed Iron-Oxide-Nanoparticle-Containing Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2022-12-08), p. 3967-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2022-12-08), p. 3967-
    Abstract: In scaffold-regulated bone regeneration, most three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds do not provide physical stimulation to stem cells. In this study, a magnetic scaffold was fabricated using fused deposition modeling with calcium silicate (CS), iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4), and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) as the matrix for internal magnetic sources. A static magnetic field was used as an external magnetic source. It was observed that 5% Fe3O4 provided a favorable combination of compressive strength (9.6 ± 0.9 MPa) and degradation rate (21.6 ± 1.9% for four weeks). Furthermore, the Fe3O4-containing scaffold increased in vitro bioactivity and Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells’ (WJMSCs) adhesion. Moreover, it was shown that the Fe3O4-containing scaffold enhanced WJMSCs’ proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the osteogenic-related proteins of the scaffold. Under the synergistic effect of the static magnetic field, the CS scaffold containing Fe3O4 can not only enhance cell activity but also stimulate the simultaneous secretion of collagen I and osteocalcin. Overall, our results demonstrated that Fe3O4-containing CS/PCL scaffolds could be fabricated three dimensionally and combined with a static magnetic field to affect cell behaviors, potentially increasing the likelihood of clinical applications for bone tissue engineering.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11243967
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 5
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    Impact of Aspiration Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in Reducing Bone Cement Leakage and Enhancing Distribution—An Ex Vivo Study in Goat Vertebrae
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Bioengineering Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 795-
    Details
    In: Bioengineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 795-
    Abstract: Osteoporosis-induced vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) occurs commonly in people over the age of 50, especially among menopausal women. Besides conservative therapy, minimally invasive percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and kyphoplasty (PKP) have been widely used in clinical treatment and achieved good efficacy. However, the leakage of bone cement (CL) during vertebroplasty (PV) is a major risk that can cause (serious) complications such as compression of the spinal cord, pulmonary embolism, or even paraplegia. In this study, we introduced a new aspiration technique with standard PV procedures (APV) to ameliorate the risk of leakage with quantitative verifications of its effectiveness. APV intends to create a differential pressure to guide the direction of cement flow within the vertebrae. To test this technique, Nubian goats’ ex vivo vertebral bodies (VBs) were used to simulate the PV surgical process in humans. Results show that the proposed APV has a lower leakage rate of 13% compared to the 53% of conventional PV. Additionally, the APV approach achieves more uniform cement distribution via the 9-score method with a value of 7 ± 1.30 in contrast to 4 ± 1.78 by conventional PV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-5354
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070795
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2746191-9
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  • 6
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    Proteomic Analysis of Various Rat Ocular Tissues after Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury and Possible Relevance to Acute Glaucoma
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2017-02-05), p. 334-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2017-02-05), p. 334-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020334
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Retinal Ganglion Cells with Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 18 ( 2020-09-04), p. 6482-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 18 ( 2020-09-04), p. 6482-
    Abstract: A characteristic of diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia, which is considered with an emphasis on the diabetic retinopathy of progressive neurodegenerative disease. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are believed to be important cells affected in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a neuroprotective protein that helps to withstand various neuronal injuries. To investigate the potential roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β in hyperglycemia-triggered damage of RGCs in vitro, we established RGCs in 5.5, 25, 50, and 100 mM D-glucose supplemented media and focused on the TGF-β-related oxidative stress pathway in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Functional experiments showed that TGF-β1/2 protein expression was upregulated in RGCs with hyperglycemia. The knockdown of TGF-β enhanced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibited the cell proliferation rate, and reduced glutathione content in hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the results showed that the TGF-β-mediated enhancement of antioxidant signaling was correlated with the activation of stress response proteins and the antioxidant pathway, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α). Summarizing, our results demonstrated that TGF-β keeps RGCs from hyperglycemia-triggered harm by promoting the activation of the antioxidant pathway, suggesting a potential anti-diabetic therapy for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186482
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    TOMM40 Genetic Variants Cause Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2023-02-17), p. 4085-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2023-02-17), p. 4085-
    Abstract: Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40) is located in the outer membrane of mitochondria. TOMM40 is essential for protein import into mitochondria. TOMM40 genetic variants are believed to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in different populations. In this study, three exonic variants (rs772262361, rs157581, and rs11556505) and three intronic variants (rs157582, rs184017, and rs2075650) of the TOMM40 gene were identified from Taiwanese AD patients using next-generation sequencing. Associations between the three TOMM40 exonic variants and AD susceptibility were further evaluated in another AD cohort. Our results showed that rs157581 (c.339T 〉 C, p.Phe113Leu, F113L) and rs11556505 (c.393C 〉 T, p.Phe131Leu, F131L) were associated with an increased risk of AD. We further utilized cell models to examine the role of TOMM40 variation in mitochondrial dysfunction that causes microglial activation and neuroinflammation. When expressed in BV2 microglial cells, the AD-associated mutant (F113L) or (F131L) TOMM40 induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress-induced activation of microglia and NLRP3 inflammasome. Pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 released by mutant (F113L) or (F131L) TOMM40-activated BV2 microglial cells caused cell death of hippocampal neurons. Taiwanese AD patients carrying TOMM40 missense (F113L) or (F131L) variants displayed an increased plasma level of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-18, IL-33, and COX-2. Our results provide evidence that TOMM40 exonic variants, including rs157581 (F113L) and rs11556505 (F131L), increase the AD risk of the Taiwanese population. Further studies suggest that AD-associated mutant (F113L) or (F131L) TOMM40 cause the neurotoxicity of hippocampal neurons by inducing the activation of microglia and NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044085
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Microsatellite Instability, Epstein–Barr Virus, and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 as Predictive Markers for Immunotherapy in Gastric Cancer
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2022-01-03), p. 218-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2022-01-03), p. 218-
    Abstract: Immunotherapy benefits selected cases of gastric cancer (GC), but the correlation between biomarkers and prognosis is still unclear. Fifty-two patients with GC who underwent immunotherapy were enrolled from June 2016 to December 2020. Their clinical features and biomarkers—microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) combined positive score (CPS), and Epstein–Barr encoding region (EBER)—were analyzed. Eight patients had MSI-H, five patients had EBER, 29 patients had CPS ≥ 1, and 20 patients had no biomarker. The overall response rates (ORRs) of the MSI-H, EBER, PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1, and all-negative group were 75%, 60%, 44.8%, and 15%, respectively. Compared with that of the all-negative group, progression-free survival (PFS) was better in the MSI-H (p = 0.018), CPS ≥ 5 (p = 0.012), and CPS ≥ 10 (p = 0.006) groups, but not in the EBER (p = 0.2) and CPS ≥ 1 groups (p = 0.35). Ten patients had combined biomarkers, CPS ≥ 1 with either MSI-H or EBER. The ORRs were 66.7% for CPS ≥ 1 and MSI-H and 75% for CPS ≥ 1 and EBER. PFS was better in patients with combined biomarkers (p = 0.01). MSI-H, EBER, and CPS are useful biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010218
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 10
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    Humoral Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of the Standard ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination in Taiwan
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-02-17), p. 312-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-02-17), p. 312-
    Abstract: Background: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been widely administered against SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, data regarding its immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and potential differences in responses among Asian populations remain scarce. Methods: 270 participants without prior COVID-19 were enrolled to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination with a prime–boost interval of 8–9 weeks. Their specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, neutralizing antibody titers (NT50), platelet counts, and D-dimer levels were analyzed before and after vaccination. Results: The seroconversion rates of anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG at day 28 after a boost vaccination (BD28) were 100% and 95.19%, respectively. Anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG levels were highly correlated (r = 0.7891), which were 172.9 ± 170.4 and 179.3 ± 76.88 BAU/mL at BD28, respectively. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of NT50 for all participants increased to 132.9 IU/mL (95% CI 120.0–147.1) at BD28 and were highly correlated with anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG levels (r = 0.8248 and 0.7474, respectively). Body weight index was statistically significantly associated with anti-RBD IgG levels (p = 0.035), while female recipients had higher anti-spike IgG levels (p = 0.038). The GMCs of NT50 declined with age (p = 0.0163) and were significantly different across age groups (159.7 IU/mL for 20–29 years, 99.4 IU/mL for ≥50 years, p = 0.0026). Injection-site pain, fever, and fatigue were the major reactogenicity, which were more pronounced after prime vaccination and in younger participants ( 〈 50 years). Platelet counts decreased and D-dimer levels increased after vaccination but were not clinically relevant. No serious adverse events or deaths were observed. Conclusion: The vaccine is well-tolerated and elicited robust humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after standard prime–boost vaccination in Taiwanese recipients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020312
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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