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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Influence of Salinity on the Microbial Community Composition and Metabolite Profile in Kimchi
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Fermentation Vol. 7, No. 4 ( 2021-12-13), p. 308-
    Details
    In: Fermentation, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 4 ( 2021-12-13), p. 308-
    Abstract: Kimchi, a popular traditional Korean fermented food, is produced by fermenting vegetables with various spices and salt. Salt plays an important role in the preparation of kimchi and affects its taste and flavor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of salinity on kimchi fermentation. The salinities of five sets of kimchi samples were adjusted to 1.4%, 1.7%, 2.0%, 2.2%, and 2.5%. The characteristics of each kimchi sample, including its pH, acidity, free sugar content, free amino acid content, organic acid content, and microbial community composition, were evaluated during kimchi fermentation. The low-salinity kimchi sample showed a rapid decline in the pH at the beginning of the fermentation process, a relatively high abundance of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and high mannitol production. In the late fermentation period, Latilactobacillus sakei had a higher abundance in the kimchi sample with high salinity than in other samples. In the initial stage of fermentation, the metabolite composition did not differ based on salinity, whereas the composition was considerably altered from the third week of fermentation. The findings showed variations in the characteristics and standardized manufacturing processes of kimchi at various salt concentrations. Therefore, salinity significantly affected the types and concentrations of fermentation metabolites in kimchi.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-5637
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040308
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813985-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Filtration Performance Characteristics of Sticky Aerosol Using Calcium Hydroxide
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2019-02-24), p. 100-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2019-02-24), p. 100-
    Abstract: This study examined the performance of removing aerosol upon a flow rate variable by agglomerating sticky aerosol with calcium hydroxide and removing cohesive aerosol through an experimental apparatus, simulating an actual painting booth. As a result of examining the performance of the filter by fixing the paint spray quantity, the calcium hydroxide input and the filtration area under variable flow rates of 5, 10, and 15 Nm3/min, we confirmed that the filter performance has long average aerosol removing intervals at the 5 Nm3/min flow rate. At the 5 Nm3/min flow rate, there is a low residual pressure drop trend and high fractional collection efficiency, and a high level of total collection efficiency is maintained at 99.42%. When the flow rate is less than 5 Nm3/min, the aerosol settling and experimentation was impossible. With this research, the optimal conditions for the use of sticky aerosol have been examined.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020100
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
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    Comparison of Quality Characteristics of Commercial Kimchi Manufactured in Korea, China, and the United States
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Foods Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2021-10-18), p. 2488-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2021-10-18), p. 2488-
    Abstract: Recently, kimchi has been recognized as a healthy food worldwide, prompting increased interest in its health benefits and quality characteristics. Although commercial kimchi is manufactured in various countries, little is known about quality differences between the kimchi from different countries. To clarify differences in quality characteristics, minerals, free sugars, organic acids, free amino acids, and volatile compounds, commercial kimchi manufactured in Korea, China, and the United States were investigated. The composition of the microbial community and antioxidant activity were compared. Mineral and free sugar contents were high in Korean commercial kimchi, while the organic acid content was relatively low. The free amino acid content was markedly higher in Korean kimchi than that in kimchi manufactured in China and the United States. In addition, the volatile compound content differed between the kimchi produced in different countries. Considering the microbial communities, Leuconostoc and Weissella were more abundant in commercial kimchi from Korea than that from China or the United States. Commercial kimchi in Korea showed the highest antioxidant activity. These results support the high quality and antioxidant activity of commercial kimchi manufactured in Korea, emphasizing its importance in the global kimchi industry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods10102488
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Free Amino Acid and Volatile Compound Profiles of Jeotgal Alternatives and Its Application to Kimchi
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Foods Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2021-02-15), p. 423-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2021-02-15), p. 423-
    Abstract: Jeotgal containing abundant free amino acids plays an important role in the unique savory taste (umami) and flavor in kimchi. However, it is also responsible for the unpleasant fishy smell and high salt content of kimchi. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify alternative jeotgal sources and investigate the fermentation properties of jeotgal alternatives added to kimchi. The tomato hot-water extract (TH2) and dry-aged beef hot-water extract (DBH) were selected as jeotgal alternatives for kimchi preparation based on their glutamic acid contents. Characteristics of kimchi with TH2 alone (JA1) and TH2 and DBH in combination (1:1, JA2) were compared with kimchi prepared using commercially available anchovy fish sauce (CON). The pH of JA1 and JA2 was slightly decreased during fermentation, whereas the salinity was significantly lower than CON (p 〈 0.05). Notably, the most effective factor of the savory taste of kimchi, glutamic acid contents of JA1 and JA2 were significantly higher than that of CON (p 〈 0.05). In conclusion, JA1 showed slower fermentation with lower salinity and higher glutamic acid content than CON. Overall, this study showed that JA1 derived from TH2 could improve the taste and quality of kimchi by increasing glutamic acid content and decreasing the unpleasant flavor.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods10020423
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Comparison and Selection of Conventional PCR Primer Sets for Studies Associated with Nitrogen Cycle Microorganisms in Surface Soil
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 20 ( 2022-10-13), p. 10314-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 20 ( 2022-10-13), p. 10314-
    Abstract: The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical cycle primarily associated with the microbial activity that occurs in various environments, including soil. Various genes related to the nitrogen cycle have been studied for different purposes by many researchers; therefore, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions and gene compositions differ among reports, making comparisons difficult. In this study, we compare the PCR methods to amplify 13 nitrogen cycle-related genes (amo (amoA and amoB), norB (cnorB and qnorB), hzs, napA, narG, nifH, nirK, nirS, nosZ, nrfA, and nxrA) in the soil samples collected from four land use types and selected a method with excellent applicability. However, the PCR method for five nitrogen cycle-related genes (amoC, hao, hzo, nirB, and nxrB) could not be presented. In addition, the nitrogen cycle-related genes from the four land use types (field, forest, bare land, and grassland) and the seasonally collected samples were analyzed and discussed. In the grassland samples, all the nitrogen cycle-related genes reviewed were amplified. These results vary from those of the field, forest, and bare land samples, and it was estimated that grassland, among the land use types, could play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in soil. However, an association between the seasons and the rainy season was not confirmed. Thus, this study may be used for future research in various fields related to the nitrogen cycle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app122010314
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Anti-Photoaging Effects of Four Insect Extracts by Downregulating Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Signaling
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2019-05-23), p. 1159-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2019-05-23), p. 1159-
    Abstract: Insects are some of the most diverse organisms on the planet, and have potential value as food or medicine. Here, we investigated the photoprotective properties of insect extracts using hairless mice. The alleviating wrinkle formation effects of insect extracts were evaluated by histological skin analysis to determine epidermal thickness and identify collagen fiber damage. Moreover, we investigated the ability of the insect extracts to alleviate UVB-induced changes to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), oxidative damage, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Insect extracts reduced UVB-induced skin winkles, epidermal thickening, and collagen breakdown, and alleviated the epidermal barrier dysfunction induced by UVB, including the increased loss of transepidermal water. Moreover, the expression of skin hydration-related markers such as hyaluronic acid, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and procollagen was upregulated in the group treated with insect extracts compared to the vehicle-treated group after ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. UVB irradiation also upregulated the expression of MMPs, the phosphorylation of MAPKs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which were all attenuated by the oral administration of insect extracts. These results indicate the photoaging protection effect of insect extracts and the underlying mechanism, demonstrating the potential for clinical development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu11051159
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 7
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    Modeling Occurrence of Urban Mosquitos Based on Land Use Types and Meteorological Factors in Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2015-10-20), p. 13131-13147
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2015-10-20), p. 13131-13147
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013131
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Hierarchically Ordinated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanosheets on Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogels as Highly Active and Stable Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-01-30), p. 182-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-01-30), p. 182-
    Abstract: Hydrogen gas (H2) is being intensively proposed as a next-generation clean energy owing to the depletion of fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. Furthermore, many efforts focusing on electrochemical water splitting have been made to develop low-cost, electrochemically active, and stable catalysts for efficient hydrogen production. MoS2 has emerged as an attractive material for developing catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Hence, in this study, we design hierarchically ordinated two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 nanosheets on three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (H-2D/3D-MoS2-rGO) aerogel structures as a new class of electrocatalysts for the HER. We use the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis route for developing high-performance electroactive materials for the HER. The as-prepared H-2D/3D-MoS2-rGO contains a unique 3D hierarchical structure providing large surface areas owing to the 3D porous networks of rGO and more active sites owing to the many edge sites in the MoS2 nanosheets. In addition, the H-2D/3D-MoS2-rGO structure exhibits remarkable electrochemical properties during the HER. It shows a lower overpotential than pure MoS2 and excellent electrochemical stability owing to the large number of active sites (highly exposed edge sites) and high electrical conductivity from the rGO structure.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal11020182
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Differences of Gut Microbiota in the Freshwater Blackworm (Lumbriculus variegatus: Oligochaeta) in Two Different Habitat Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18, No. 19 ( 2021-09-29), p. 10298-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 19 ( 2021-09-29), p. 10298-
    Abstract: The distribution of organisms is governed by their habitat condition. We analyzed bacterial communities in the gut of the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus by pyrosequencing of the extracted intestinal metagenomic DNA. Blackworms were collected from two sampling sites with differences in irradiance and riparian vegetation, where site GP7 was covered by riparian vegetation and site GP8 was exposed to sunlight. We obtained the filtered 6414 reads from three samples of each site. At GP7, 271 OTUs were identified, including 32 OTUs unique to the site, whereas at GP8, 238 OTUs were identified, including 22 unique OTUs. Among them, 18 OTUs were shared between both sites. The phylum Proteobacteria was a major component contributing 67.84% and 64.05% of sequences at sites GP7 and GP8, respectively, while each remaining phylum contributed less than 10% at both sites. The two sites differed in microbial community composition and KEGG-indicated biochemical pathways. Community indices such as species richness and Shannon diversity were higher at site GP7 than at GP8. Meanwhile, the abundance of Cyanobacteria was significantly higher at site GP8, while site GP7 showed a greater proportion of genes for membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism, reflecting differences in food resources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910298
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 10
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    A Redox-Mediator-Integrated Flexible Micro-Supercapacitor with Improved Energy Storage Capability and Suppressed Self-Discharge Rate
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-11-11), p. 3027-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-11-11), p. 3027-
    Abstract: To effectively improve the energy density and reduce the self-discharging rate of micro-supercapacitors, an advanced strategy is required. In this study, we developed a hydroquinone (HQ)-based polymer-gel electrolyte (HQ-gel) for micro-supercapacitors. The introduced HQ redox mediators (HQ-RMs) in the gel electrolyte composites underwent additional Faradaic redox reactions and synergistically increased the overall energy density of the micro-supercapacitors. Moreover, the HQ-RMs in the gel electrolyte weakened the self-discharging behavior by providing a strong binding attachment of charged ions on the porous graphitized carbon electrodes after the redox reactions. The micro-supercapacitors with HQ gel (HQ-MSCs) showed excellent energy storage performance, including a high energy volumetric capacitance of 255 mF cm−3 at a current of 1 µA, which is 2.7 times higher than the micro-supercapacitors based on bare-gel electrolyte composites without HQ-RMs (b-MSCs). The HQ-MSCs showed comparatively low self-discharging behavior with an open circuit potential drop of 37% compared to the b-MSCs with an open circuit potential drop of 60% after 2000 s. The assembled HQ-MSCs exhibited high mechanical flexibility over the applied external tensile and compressive strains. Additionally, the HQ-MSCs show the adequate circuit compatibility within series and parallel connections and the good cycling performance of capacitance retention of 95% after 3000 cycles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano11113027
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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