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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2020-10-09), p. 3080-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2020-10-09), p. 3080-
    Abstract: Caffeine occurs naturally in various foods, such as coffee, tea, and cocoa, and it has been used safely as a mild stimulant for a long time. However, excessive caffeine consumption (1~1.5 g/day) can cause caffeine poisoning (caffeinism), which includes symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the effect of caffeine consumption as a protective factor or risk factor for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Currently, the importance of personalized medicine is being emphasized, and research on sex/gender differences needs to be conducted. Our review focuses on the effect of caffeine consumption on several neurological and psychiatric disorders with respect to sex differences to provide a better understanding of caffeine use as a risk or protective factor for those disorders. The findings may help establish new strategies for developing sex-specific caffeine therapies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu12103080
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 2
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    Effects of Sulfuric Acid Treatment on the Performance of Ga-Al2O3 for the Hydrolytic Decomposition of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2020-07-09), p. 766-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2020-07-09), p. 766-
    Abstract: HFC-134a, one of the representative hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used as a coolant gas, is a known greenhouse gas with high global warming potential. Catalytic decomposition is considered a promising technology for the removal of fluorinated hydrocarbons. However, systematic studies on the catalytic decomposition of HFC-134a are rare compared to those for other fluorinated hydrocarbon gases. In this study, Ga-Al2O3 and S/Ga-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared and the change in their properties post-acid treatment was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The S/Ga-Al2O3 catalyst achieved a much higher HFC-134a conversion than Ga-Al2O3, which was ascribed to the promotional effect of the sulfuric acid treatment on the Lewis acidity of the catalyst surface, as confirmed by NH3-TPD. Furthermore, the effect of hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas produced by HFC-134a decomposition on the catalyst was investigated. The S/Ga-Al2O3 maintained a more stable and higher HFC-134a conversion than Ga-Al2O3. Combining the results of the stability test and characterization, it was established that the sulfuric acid treatment not only increased the acidity of the catalyst but also preserved the partially reduced Ga species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal10070766
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 3
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    Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Sensitivity and Bandwidth of Thickness-Mode Driving Hydrophone Utilizing A 2-2 Piezoelectric Single Crystal Composite
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sensors Vol. 23, No. 7 ( 2023-03-24), p. 3445-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 7 ( 2023-03-24), p. 3445-
    Abstract: Piezoelectric composites, which consist of a piezoelectric material and a polymer, have been extensively studied for the applications of underwater sonar sensors and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducers. Acoustic sensors utilizing piezoelectric composites can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth because of their high piezoelectric coefficient and low acoustic impedance compared to single-phase piezoelectric materials. In this study, a thickness-mode driving hydrophone utilizing a 2-2 piezoelectric single crystal composite was examined. From the theoretical and numerical analysis, material properties that determine the bandwidth and sensitivity of the thickness-mode piezoelectric plate were derived, and the voltage sensitivity of piezoelectric plates with various configurations was compared. It was shown that the 2-2 composite with [011] p oled single crystals and epoxy polymers can provide high sensitivity and wide bandwidth when used for hydrophones with a thickness resonance mode. The hydrophone element was designed and fabricated to have a thickness mode at a frequency around 220 kHz by attaching a composite plate of quarter-wavelength thickness to a hard baffle. The fabricated hydrophone demonstrated an open circuit voltage sensitivity of more than −180 dB re 1 V/μPa at the resonance frequency and a −3 dB bandwidth of more than 55 kHz. The theoretical and experimental studies show that the 2-2 single crystal composite can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth compared to other configurations of piezoelectric elements when they are used for thickness-mode hydrophones.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s23073445
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
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    Tick Populations and Molecular Analysis of Anaplasma Species in Ticks from the Republic of Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-03-23), p. 820-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-03-23), p. 820-
    Abstract: The present study was performed to survey the dominant tick populations and molecularly determine the pathogenic agents of anaplasmosis in ticks from Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea. A total of 3825 questing ticks were collected by the flagging method from 12 sites near animal farms in Gyeongsang from March to October 2021. A molecular genomic study was performed with ticks stored in 70% ethanol to detect Anaplasma genes by the previously described method. The monthly incidence of ticks varied by developmental stages, i.e., nymphs, adults, and larvae, and each of their populations peaked in May, March, and October, respectively. The predominant tick species were Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis sp., Haemaphysalis flava, Ixodes nipponensis, and Amblyomma testudinarium in order. To determine the Anaplasma infection rate, collected ticks were pooled into 395 groups. The minimum infection rate (MIR) of Anaplasma was 0.7% (27 pools). That of A. phagocytophilum was highest (23 pools, MIR 0.6%), followed by A. phagocytophilum-like Anaplasma spp. clade B (2 pools, MIR 0.1%), A. bovis (1 pool, MIR 0.1%), and A. capra (1 pool, MIR 0.1%), respectively. In this study, five species of ticks, including unidentified Haemaphysalis species, were collected in 12 survey sites in Gyeongsang, but their prevalence was somewhat different according to the tick species and survey sites. Further, the incidence rate (6.8%) of 4 Anaplasma spp. was not as high in tick pools. However, the results of this study may offer a basis for future epidemiological research and risk assessment of tick-borne diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040820
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Evaluation of Relative Damage to the Powertrain System in Tracked Vehicles
    MDPI AG ; 2009
    In:  Sensors Vol. 9, No. 3 ( 2009-03-13), p. 1845-1859
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 3 ( 2009-03-13), p. 1845-1859
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s90301845
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 6
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    Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2022-01-30), p. 765-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2022-01-30), p. 765-
    Abstract: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a known risk factor for lung cancer. However, a detailed analysis of lung cancer type, age, sex, smoking, and TB burden associated with geographic and socioeconomic status has not been performed previously. We systematically appraised relevant observational studies reporting an association between pulmonary TB and lung cancer. All studies were included in the primary analysis, and studies that used robust TB diagnostic methods, such as validated medical diagnostic codes, were included in the secondary analysis. Thirty-two articles were included. The association between the history of pulmonary TB and diagnosis of lung cancer was statistically significant (OR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.62–2.69, p 〈 0.001). There was a high heterogeneity (I2 = 95%), without any publication bias. The analysis indicated a high association in advanced articles describing stringent pulmonary TB diagnosis (OR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.29–3.94, p = 0.004). The subgroup analyses suggested a significant association in countries with medium or high TB burdens, from East Asia and the Pacific region, and upper-middle income countries. Heterogeneity within the subgroups remained high in a majority of the subgroup analyses. A meta-regression analysis revealed that younger patients showed a significantly higher association between TB and lung cancer (regression coefficient = 0.949, p 〈 0.001). The history of pulmonary TB is an independent risk factor for lung cancer, especially in younger patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Clinicians should be aware of this association while treating young patients with a history of pulmonary TB.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030765
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
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    Development of Standardization and Management System for the Severity of Unpaved Test Courses
    MDPI AG ; 2007
    In:  Sensors Vol. 7, No. 9 ( 2007-09-26), p. 2004-2027
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 9 ( 2007-09-26), p. 2004-2027
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s7092004
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 8
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    Additional Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Helps Patients Improve Dynamic Postural Stability in Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Medicina Vol. 59, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 1242-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 59, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 1242-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives: The goal in treating anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury especially in revision cases is return to sports activity by regaining dynamic postural stability. Among various methods to achieve this goal, additional anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ALLR) is gaining attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional ALLR in revision ACL reconstruction (RACLR). Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent RACLR between July 2015 and June 2018 were enrolled. The exclusion criteria were less than 1-year follow-up, age older than 45 years, concomitant multiple ligament injuries, contralateral knee injury, subtotal or total meniscectomized state, and articular cartilage lesions worse than Outerbridge grade 3. Thirty-nine patients (20 patients; RACLR only (Group A), 19 patients; RACLR with additional ALLR (Group B)) were included. Clinical scores (Lysholm score, subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Tegner activity scale), isokinetic strength test, single-leg-hop for distance test (SLHDT), Y-balance test (YBT) were checked preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively. Results: Limb symmetry index values in YBT showed significantly better result in Group B 1-year postoperatively (Group A: 97.2 ± 4.0, Group B: 100.3 ± 2.9, p = 0.010), although there were no differences preoperatively between groups (Group A: 90.4 ± 6.7, Group B: 89.3 ± 5.5, p = 0.594). Regarding clinical scores, isokinetic strength tests, and SLHDT, there were no differences between groups preoperatively nor 1-year postoperatively. Conclusions: Additional ALLR in RACLR helped patients gain better dynamic postural stability at 1-year postoperative follow-up.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071242
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088820-X
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  • 9
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    Molecular Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Equine Herpesvirus in Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2020-02-11), p. 110-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2020-02-11), p. 110-
    Abstract: Respiratory diseases cause significant economic losses (especially in the horse racing industry). The present study describes the detection and genetic characteristics of equine herpesvirus (EHV) from a total of 1497 samples from clinically healthy horses in Korea, including 926 blood samples, 187 lung tissues, and 384 nasal swabs. EHV-2 and EHV-5 were detected in 386 (41.7%; 95% CI: 38.5–44.9) and 201 (21.7%; 95% CI: 19.1–24.4) blood samples, respectively, and in 25 (13.4%; 95% CI: 8.5–18.2) and 35 (18.7%; 95% CI: 13.1–24.3) lung tissues, respectively. EHV-1 and EHV-4 were not detected in either blood or lung tissues. EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 were detected in 46 (12.0%; 95% CI: 8.7–15.2), 21 (5.5%; 95% CI: 3.2–7.7), and 43 (11.2%; 95% CI: 8.0–14.4) nasal swabs, respectively. EHV-4 was not detected in nasal swabs. Co-infection with EHV-2 and EHV-5 was detected in 11.6% (107/926) of the blood samples and 6.4% (12/187) of lung tissues. In nasal swabs, co-infection with EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 was detected in 0.8% (3/384) of samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the glycoprotein B gene showed that EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 strains demonstrated significant genetic diversity in Korea, with a nucleotide sequence identity among them that ranged from 95.7% to 100% for EHV-1, 96.2–100% for EHV-2, and 93.8–99.3% for EHV-5. These results are the first phylogenetic analyses of EHV-1 in Korea in nasal swabs from a nationwide population of clinically healthy horses. Both EHV-2 and EHV-5 from blood, lung tissues, and nasal swabs were also detected.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020110
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 10
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    Factors Distinguishing Proximal and Distal Internal Carotid Artery Occlusions in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2022-02-14), p. 494-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2022-02-14), p. 494-
    Abstract: Acute internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions cause extensive brain ischemia. Accurate determination of the occlusion site facilitates rapid revascularization interventions and improves prognosis. However, proximal ICA occlusions, as determined with computed tomography (CT) angiography, often are located more distally. Therefore, we assessed clinical and imaging factors associated with the accurate determination of occlusion sites. In this observational study, we evaluated 102 patients who presented acute ischemic stroke symptoms and had a CT angiography within 6 h, showing proximal ICA occlusion. The participants were divided into two groups, depending on whether there was correspondence between digital subtraction angiography and CT angiography regarding the occlusion location. Proximal occlusions were, accordingly, categorized as “true” (correspondence) or “false” (no correspondence; distal). Demographic, clinical, and imaging features were analyzed. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify factors predicting the correspondence between actual ICA occlusion sites and those detected by CT angiography. The shape (Odds ratios, OR = 646.584; Confidence interval, CI = 21.703–19263.187; p 〈 0.001) and the length (OR = 0.696; CI = 0.535–0.904; p = 0.007) of the ICA occlusion and atrial fibrillation (OR = 0.024; CI = 0.002–0.340; p = 0.006) were significant factors. The cut-off length of ICA stump at 6.2 mm, the sensitivity was 71%, and the specificity was 70% (area under the ROC curve = 0.767).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020494
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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