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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In Vitro Micropropagation of Commercial Ginseng Cultivars (Panax ginseng Meyer) via Somatic Embryogenesis Compared to Traditional Seed Production
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Horticulturae Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2023-03-27), p. 435-
    Details
    In: Horticulturae, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2023-03-27), p. 435-
    Abstract: Panax ginseng Meyer is an important medicinal crop; however, most ginseng farmers cultivate native species that are not genetically fixed. Although several cultivars have been developed in Korea, distribution to farmers remains insufficient given their low propagation characteristics. This study compared the efficiency of seed production and micropropagation via somatic embryogenesis. Seeds were collected from cultivars, and zygotic embryo-derived explants were inoculated and cultured in a series of media for micropropagation. Seed production and characteristics of commercial cultivars were evaluated. The number of seeds from a 4-year-old individual cultivar was 23.1–58.8, and seed characteristics varied with cultivars. The genotype had a notable effect on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. The number of somatic embryos and shoots obtained from a single seed of cultivars was 71.3–100.2 and 50.7–61.3, respectively. The number of in vitro grown roots (IGRs) per a single seed was 37.1–41.1 in one year. IGRs were successfully acclimatized and sprouted normally in the field. Flow cytometry analysis suggested that micropropagated plants had no ploidy variations. The results demonstrated the utility of somatic embryogenesis in the in vitro micropropagation of P. ginseng cultivars. Our findings can enhance the distribution of cultivars among farmers in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-7524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9040435
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813983-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Short Review of Multichannel Membrane Capacitive Deionization: Principle, Current Status, and Future Prospect
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2020-01-18), p. 683-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2020-01-18), p. 683-
    Abstract: Capacitive deionization (CDI) has gained a lot of attention as a promising water desalination technology. Among several CDI architectures, multichannel membrane CDI (MC-MCDI) has recently emerged as one of the most innovative systems to enhance the ion removal capacity. The principal feature of MC-MCDI is the independently controllable electrode channels, providing a favorable environment for the electrodes and enhancing the desalination performance. Furthermore, MC-MCDI has been studied in various operational modes, such as concentration gradient, reverse voltage discharging for semi-continuous process, and increase of mass transfer. Furthermore, the system configuration of MC-MCDI has been benchmarked for the extension of the operation voltage and sustainable desalination. Given the increasing interest in MC-MCDI, a comprehensive review is necessary to provide recent research efforts and prospects for further development of MC-MCDI. Therefore, this review actively addresses the major principle and operational features of MC-MCDI along with conventional CDI for a better understanding of the MC-MCDI system. In addition, the innovative applications of MC-MCDI and their notable improvements are also discussed. Finally, this review briefly mentions the major challenges of MC-MCDI as well as proposes future research directions for further development of MC-MCDI as scientific and industrial desalination technologies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10020683
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acinetobacter baumannii under Acidic Conditions Induces Colistin Resistance through PmrAB Activation and Lipid A Modification
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2023-04-26), p. 813-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2023-04-26), p. 813-
    Abstract: Colistin is a last-resort antimicrobial agent for treating carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. The activation of PmrAB by several environmental signals induces colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in A. baumannii under acidic conditions using wild-type (WT) A. baumannii 17978, ΔpmrA and ΔpmrB mutants, and pmrA-complemented strains. The pmrA or pmrB deletion did not affect the growth of A. baumannii under acidic or aerobic conditions. A. baumannii under acidic (pH 5.5) and high-iron (1 mM) conditions showed 32- and 8-fold increases in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin, respectively. The ΔpmrA and ΔpmrB mutants at pH 5.5 showed a significant decrease in colistin MICs compared to the WT strain at pH 5.5. No difference in colistin MICs was observed between WT and mutant strains under high-iron conditions. The pmrCAB expression significantly increased in the WT strain at pH 5.5 compared to the WT strain at pH 7.0. The pmrC expression significantly decreased in two mutant strains at pH 5.5 compared to the WT strain at pH 5.5. The PmrA protein was expressed in the ΔpmrA strain carrying ppmrA_FLAG plasmids at pH 5.5 but not at pH 7.0. Lipid A modification by the addition of phosphoethanolamine was observed in the WT strain at pH 5.5. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that A. baumannii under acidic conditions induces colistin resistance via the activation of pmrCAB operon and subsequent lipid A modification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050813
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Volatile Compositions of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquifolium Grown for Different Cultivation Years
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-27), p. 136-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-27), p. 136-
    Abstract: The present study examined the volatile profiles of Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) and Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) grown for different cultivation years by using HS-SPME/GC-MS and determined the key discriminant volatile compounds by chemometric analysis including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). Fifty-six compounds, including forty terpenes, eight alcohols, one alkane, one ketone, and one furan, were identified in the ginseng roots. The chemometric results identified two major clusters of American ginseng and Korean ginseng cultivars with distinct volatile compositions. The volatile compounds in fresh white ginseng roots were affected by the species, but the influence of different cultivation ages was ambiguous. The major volatile components of ginseng roots are terpenes, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In particular, panaginsene, ginsinsene, α-isocomene, and caryophyllene were predominant in Korean ginseng cultivars, whereas β-farnesene levels were higher in American ginseng. The difference in volatile patterns between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium could be attributed to the composition of sesquiterpenes such as β-panaginsene, ginsinsene, caryophyllene, and β-farnesene.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods12010136
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Efficient Somatic Embryogenesis, Regeneration and Acclimatization of Panax ginseng Meyer: True-to-Type Conformity of Plantlets as Confirmed by ISSR Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Plants Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-03-10), p. 1270-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-03-10), p. 1270-
    Abstract: Panax ginseng Meyer grows in east Russia and Asia. There is a high demand for this crop due to its medicinal properties. However, its low reproductive efficiency has been a hindrance to the crop’s widespread use. This study aims to establish an efficient regeneration and acclimatization system for the crop. The type of basal media and strength were evaluated for their effects on somatic embryogenesis, germination, and regeneration. The highest rate of somatic embryogenesis was achieved for the basal media MS, N6, and GD, with the optimal nitrogen content (≥35 mM) and NH4+/NO3− ratio (1:2 or 1:4). The full-strength MS medium was the best one for somatic embryo induction. However, the diluted MS medium had a more positive effect on embryo maturation. Additionally, the basal media affected shooting, rooting, and plantlet formation. The germination medium containing 1/2 MS facilitated good shoot development; however, the medium with 1/2 SH yielded outstanding root development. In vitro-grown roots were successfully transferred to soil, and they exhibited a high survival rate (86.3%). Finally, the ISSR marker analysis demonstrated that the regenerated plants were not different from the control. The obtained results provide valuable information for a more efficient micropropagation of various P. ginseng cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants12061270
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancing the Desalination Performance of Capacitive Deionization Using a Layered Double Hydroxide Coated Activated Carbon Electrode
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-01-05), p. 403-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-01-05), p. 403-
    Abstract: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising desalination technology because of its simple, high energy efficient, and eco-friendly process. Among several factors that can affect the desalination capacitance of CDI, wettability of the electrode is considered one of the important parameters. However, various carbon materials commonly have a hydrophobic behavior that disturbs the ion transfer between the bulk solution and the surface of the electrode. In this study, we fabricated a layered double hydroxide (LDH) coated activated carbon electrode using an in-situ growth method to enhance the wettability of the surface of the carbon electrode. The well-oriented and porous LDH layer resulted in a better wettability of the activated carbon electrode, attributing to an enhanced capacitance compared with that of the uncoated activated carbon electrode. Furthermore, from the desalination tests of the CDI system, the LDH coated carbon electrode showed a higher salt adsorption capacity (13.9 mg/g) than the uncoated carbon electrode (11.7 mg/g). Thus, this enhanced desalination performance suggests that the improvement in the wettability of the carbon electrode by the LDH coating provides facile ion transfer between the electrode and electrolyte.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10010403
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    DksA Modulates Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-11-30), p. 1472-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-11-30), p. 1472-
    Abstract: The stringent response regulators, (p)ppGpp and DksA, modulate various genes involved in physiological processes, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria. This study investigated the role of DksA in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii. The ∆dksA mutant (KM0248D) of A. baumannii ATCC 17978 and its complemented strain (KM0248C) were used, in addition to the ∆dksA mutant strain (NY0298D) of clinical 1656-2 strain. The microdilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of genes associated with efflux pumps. The KM0248D strain exhibited an increase of MICs to quinolones and tetracyclines, whereas KM0248D and NY0298D strains exhibited a decrease of MICs to aminoglycosides. The expression of genes associated with efflux pumps, including adeB, adeI/J, abeM, and/or tetA, was upregulated in both ∆dksA mutant strains. The deletion of dksA altered bacterial morphology in the clinical 1656-2 strain. In conclusion, DksA modulates the antimicrobial susceptibility of A. baumannii. The ∆dksA mutant strains of A. baumannii upregulate efflux pump gene expression, whereas (p)ppGpp-deficient mutants downregulate efflux pump gene expression. (p)ppGpp and DksA conduct opposite roles in the antimicrobial susceptibility of A. baumannii via efflux pump gene regulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121472
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
    SSG: 15,3
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