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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multi-Task Learning with Task-Specific Feature Filtering in Low-Data Condition
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Electronics Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-11-04), p. 2691-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-11-04), p. 2691-
    Abstract: Multi-task learning is a computationally efficient method to solve multiple tasks in one multi-task model, instead of multiple single-task models. MTL is expected to learn both diverse and shareable visual features from multiple datasets. However, MTL performances usually do not outperform single-task learning. Recent MTL methods tend to use heavy task-specific heads with large overheads to generate task-specific features. In this work, we (1) validate the efficacy of MTL in low-data conditions with early-exit architectures, and (2) propose a simple feature filtering module with minimal overheads to generate task-specific features. We assume that, in low-data conditions, the model cannot learn useful low-level features due to the limited amount of data. We empirically show that MTL can significantly improve performances in all tasks under low-data conditions. We further optimize the early-exit architecture by a sweep search on the optimal feature for each task. Furthermore, we propose a feature filtering module that selects features for each task. Using the optimized early-exit architecture with the feature filtering module, we improve the 15.937% in ImageNet and 4.847% in Places365 under the low-data condition where only 5% of the original datasets are available. Our method is empirically validated in various backbones and various MTL settings.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics10212691
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 2
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    Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Porous Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes Derived from New Precursor Polymer: 6FDA-TFMB
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Polymers Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2020-08-18), p. 1851-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2020-08-18), p. 1851-
    Abstract: Porous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with high energy storage performance were fabricated with a single precursor polymer, 6FDA-TFMB, without the use of any pore-generating materials. 6FDA-TFMB was synthesized, electrospun, and thermally treated to produce binder-free CNF electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Highly porous CNFs with a surface area of 2213 m2 g−1 were prepared by steam-activation. CNFs derived from 6FDA-TFMB showed rectangular cyclic voltammograms with a specific capacitance of 292.3 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1. It was also seen that CNFs exhibit a maximum energy density of 13.1 Wh kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and power density of 1.7 kW kg−1 at 5 A g−1, which is significantly higher than those from the common precursor polymer, polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym12081851
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 3
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    Role of Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2021-12-31), p. 426-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2021-12-31), p. 426-
    Abstract: Chronic liver disease encompasses diseases that have various causes, such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gut microbiota dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD through the gut–liver axis. The gut microbiota consists of various microorganisms that play a role in maintaining the homeostasis of the host and release a wide number of metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peptides, and hormones, continually shaping the host’s immunity and metabolism. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal and vascular barriers is crucial to protect liver cells from exposure to harmful metabolites and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules. Dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability may allow the liver to be exposed to abundant harmful metabolites that promote liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the metabolites and components derived from the gut microbiota and discuss their pathologic effect in the liver alongside recent advances in molecular-based therapeutics and novel mechanistic findings associated with the gut–liver axis in ALD and NAFLD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010426
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
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    Platelet-to-White Blood Cell Ratio: A Feasible Biomarker for Pyogenic Liver Abscess
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-21), p. 2556-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-21), p. 2556-
    Abstract: The platelet-to-white blood cell ratio (PWR) has been reported to predict the severity of patients with various diseases. However, no previous studies have assessed the use of the PWR as a prognostic marker for pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA). This observational retrospective study was performed between January 2008 and December 2017, including 833 patients with PLA from multiple centers. The enrolled patients, on average, had a PWR of 17.05, and 416 patients had a PWR lower than 17.05. A total of 260 patients (31.2%) with PLA showed complications of metastatic infection, pleural effusion and abscess rupture. A low PWR level was identified as a strong risk factor for metastatic infection and pleural effusion. The low PWR group also had a longer hospital stay. In the multivariate analysis, old age, anemia, albumin and CRP levels and unidentified pathogens were significant factors for low PWR levels. A low PWR, old age, male sex, abscess size, albumin, ALP and unidentified causative pathogens showed significant associations with a hospital stay longer than 28 days. As a result, PLA patients presenting with a low PWR were shown to have more complications and a poor prognosis. Considering its cost-effectiveness, PWR could be a novel biomarker used to predict a prognosis of PLA.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102556
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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  • 5
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    Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Knowledge of Pathogenesis and Therapeutics
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biomedicines Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-05-31), p. 1288-
    Details
    In: Biomedicines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-05-31), p. 1288-
    Abstract: Cholangiopathies encompass various biliary diseases affecting the biliary epithelium, resulting in cholestasis, inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately liver cirrhosis. Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Much research has broadened the scope of disease biology to genetic risk, epigenetic changes, dysregulated mucosal immunity, altered biliary epithelial cell function, and dysbiosis, all of which interact and arise in the context of ill-defined environmental triggers. An in-depth understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these cholestatic diseases will help clinicians better prevent and treat diseases. In this review, we focus on the main underlying mechanisms of disease initiation and progression, and novel targeted therapeutics beyond currently approved treatments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9059
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061288
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720867-9
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  • 6
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    Multi-Subject Image Retrieval by Fusing Object and Scene-Level Feature Embeddings
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 24 ( 2022-12-11), p. 12705-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 24 ( 2022-12-11), p. 12705-
    Abstract: Most existing image retrieval methods separately retrieve single images, such as a scene, content, or object, from a single database. However, for general purposes, target databases for image retrieval can include multiple subjects because it is not easy to predict which subject is entered. In this paper, we propose that image retrieval can be performed in practical applications by combining multiple databases. To deal with multi-subject image retrieval (MSIR), image embedding is generated through the fusion of scene- and object-level features, which are based on Detection Transformer (DETR) and a random patch generator with a deep-learning network, respectively. To utilize these feature vectors for image retrieval, two bags-of-visual-words (BoVWs) were used as feature embeddings because they are simply integrated with preservation of the characteristics of both features. A fusion strategy between the two BoVWs was proposed in three stages. Experiments were conducted to compare the proposed method with previous methods on conventional single-subject datasets and multi-subject datasets. The results validated that the proposed fused feature embeddings are effective for MSIR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app122412705
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 7
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    A Multicenter Retrospective Study on Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Pyogenic Liver Abscess Focusing Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2022-02-19), p. 1114-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2022-02-19), p. 1114-
    Abstract: The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) is a growing problem worldwide. However, little is known about the incidence, clinical features and outcomes of pyogenic liver abscesses (PLAs) caused by MDROs. A retrospective study of 833 patients with PLA admitted from 2008 to 2017 was performed. MDROs were found in 55 (6.6%) patients, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae was the most common causative microorganism. To evaluate the clinical features of and risk factors for MDRO-induced PLAs, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed in a 1:3 ratio (55 patients with MDROs and 165 patients without MDROs). After PSM, previous hepatobiliary procedure, preadmission exposure to antibiotics and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels were independent risk factors for MDRO-induced PLA. Sixteen patients (7.3%) died during hospitalization. Admission to intensive care unit (ICU), inadequate initial antibiotic treatment and use of inotropic agents were factors predictive of mortality. Although the presence of MDROs was not associated with in-hospital mortality, inadequate initial antibiotic treatment was prescribed to a large portion of the patients with MDRO-induced PLAs. We conclude that initial empirical antibiotic therapy for PLA should be based on the possibility of infection with MDROs, and close monitoring is necessary for patients with risk factors for in-hospital mortality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041114
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 8
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    Serum S100B Levels in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-17), p. 333-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-17), p. 333-
    Abstract: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the main complications of liver cirrhosis (LC) and is classified into minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and overt hepatic encephalopathy (overt HE). S100B is expressed mainly in astrocytes and other glial cells, and S100B has been reported to be associated with various neurological disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic ability of serum S100B to discriminate the grade of HE and the parameters correlated with serum S100B levels. Additionally, we investigated whether serum S100B levels can be used to predict 1-year mortality in cirrhotic patients. In total, 95 cirrhotic patients were consecutively enrolled and divided into the following three groups: (i) without any types of HEs; (ii) with MHE; and (iii) with overt HE. The diagnosis of MHE was made by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES). Among the three groups, there were no significant differences in serum S100B levels regardless of HE severity. The clinical parameters correlated with serum S100B levels were age, serum bilirubin, and creatinine levels. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score showed a significant positive correlation with serum S100B levels. The relationship between serum S100B levels and MELD score was maintained in 48 patients without any type of HE. Additionally, hyperammonemia, low cholesterol levels, and the combination of serum S100B levels ≥ 35 pg/mL with MELD score ≥ 13 were factors for predicting 1- year mortality. In conclusion, serum S100B level was not useful for differentiating the severity of HE. However, we found that serum S100B levels can be affected by age, serum bilirubin, and creatinine in cirrhotic patients and are associated with MELD scores. Additionally, serum S100B levels showed the possibility of predicting 1-year mortality in cirrhotic patients. These findings suggest that serum S100B levels may reflect liver dysfunction and prognosis in liver disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030333
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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  • 9
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    Prognostic Impacts of D816V KIT Mutation and Peri-Transplant RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD Monitoring on Acute Myeloid Leukemia with RUNX1–RUNX1T1
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Cancers Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-18), p. 336-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-18), p. 336-
    Abstract: The prognostic significance of KIT mutations and optimal thresholds and time points of measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with RUNX1-RUNX1T1 remain controversial in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We retrospectively evaluated 166 high-risk patients who underwent allogeneic (Allo-HSCT, n = 112) or autologous HSCT (Auto-HSCT, n = 54). D816V KIT mutation, a subtype of exon 17 mutations, was significantly associated with post-transplant relapse and poor survival, while other types of mutations in exons 17 and 8 were not associated with post-transplant relapse. Pre- and post-transplant RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD assessments were useful for predicting post-transplant relapse and poor survival with a higher sensitivity at later time points. Survival analysis for each stratified group by D816V KIT mutation and pre-transplant RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD status demonstrated that Auto-HSCT was superior to Allo-HSCT in MRD-negative patients without D816V KIT mutation, while Allo-HSCT was superior to Auto-HSCT in MRD-negative patients with D816V KIT mutation. Very poor outcomes of pre-transplant MRD-positive patients with D816V KIT mutation suggested that this group should be treated in clinical trials. Risk stratification by both D816V KIT mutation and RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD status will provide a platform for decision-making or risk-adapted therapeutic approaches.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020336
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 10
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    Serum Trace Elements and Their Associations with Breast Cancer Subgroups in Korean Breast Cancer Patients
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-12-24), p. 37-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-12-24), p. 37-
    Abstract: The relationships between serum levels of trace elements and breast cancer remain relatively unknown. In this study, we investigate serum levels of seven trace elements in Korean breast cancer patients compared to controls without breast cancer. Serum trace element levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in Korean breast cancer patients before initiation of breast cancer treatment. Korean females without breast cancer served as a control group. Trace element levels were measured in the discovery cohort (n = 287) and were validated in an independent cohort (n = 142). We further investigated possible associations between trace element levels and the presence of lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, or triple-negative breast cancer among breast cancer patients in subgroup analyses. Serum manganese and molybdenum levels were significantly higher (p 〈 0.05) in breast cancer patients than in controls. Serum copper levels were significantly higher in breast cancer patients with distant metastasis, while selenium levels were significantly lower. Other trace elements were neither significantly different between breast cancer patients and controls nor between subgroups of breast cancer patients. Our study provides insights about the potential roles and impacts of trace elements through an assessment of the associations between trace elements and breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu11010037
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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