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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cerium Oxide–Polysulfone Composite Separator for an Advanced Alkaline Electrolyzer
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Polymers Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2020-11-27), p. 2821-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2020-11-27), p. 2821-
    Abstract: The intermittent and volatile nature of renewable energy sources threatens the stable operation of power grids, necessitating dynamically operated energy storage. Power-to-gas technology is a promising method for managing electricity variations on a large gigawatt (GW) scale. The electrolyzer is a key component that can convert excess electricity into hydrogen with high flexibility. Recently, organic/inorganic composite separators have been widely used as diaphragm membranes; however, they are prone to increase ohmic resistance and gas crossover, which inhibit electrolyzer efficiency. Here, we show that the ceria nanoparticle and polysulfone composite separator exhibits a low area resistance of 0.16 Ω cm2 and a hydrogen permeability of 1.2 × 10–12 mol cm–1 s–1 bar–1 in 30 wt% potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte, which outperformed the commercial separator, the Zirfon PERL separator. The cell using a 100 nm ceria nanoparticle/polysulfone separator and advanced catalysts has a remarkable capability of 1.84 V at 800 mA cm−2 at 30 wt% and 80 °C. The decrease in the average pore size of 77 nm and high wettability (contact angle 75°) contributed to the reduced ohmic resistance and low gas crossover. These results demonstrate that the use of ceria nanoparticle-based separators can achieve high performance compared to commercial zirconia-based separators.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym12122821
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Science Walden: Exploring the Convergence of Environmental Technologies with Design and Art
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2016-12-28), p. 35-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2016-12-28), p. 35-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su9010035
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 3
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    Implementation of Formic Acid as a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC): Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Formic Acid Produced via CO2 Utilization
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-09-26), p. 1113-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-09-26), p. 1113-
    Abstract: To meet the global climate goals agreed upon regarding the Paris Agreement, governments and institutions around the world are investigating various technologies to reduce carbon emissions and achieve a net-negative energy system. To this end, integrated solutions that incorporate carbon utilization processes, as well as promote the transition of the fossil fuel-based energy system to carbon-free systems, such as the hydrogen economy, are required. One of the possible pathways is to utilize CO2 as the base chemical for producing a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC), using CO2 as a mediating chemical for delivering H2 to the site of usage since gaseous and liquid H2 retain transportation and storage problems. Formic acid is a probable candidate considering its high volumetric H2 capacity and low toxicity. While previous studies have shown that formic acid is less competitive as an LOHC candidate compared to other chemicals, such as methanol or toluene, the results were based on out-of-date process schemes. Recently, advances have been made in the formic acid production and dehydrogenation processes, and an analysis regarding the recent process configurations could deem formic acid as a feasible option for LOHC. In this study, the potential for using formic acid as an LOHC is evaluated, with respect to the state-of-the-art formic acid production schemes, including the use of heterogeneous catalysts during thermocatalytic and electrochemical formic acid production from CO2. Assuming a hydrogen distribution system using formic acid as the LOHC, each of the production, transportation, dehydrogenation, and CO2 recycle sections are separately modeled and evaluated by means of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Realistic scenarios for hydrogen distribution are established considering the different transportation and CO2 recovery options; then, the separate scenarios are compared to the results of a liquefied hydrogen distribution scenario. TEA results showed that, while the LOHC system incorporating the thermocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid is more expensive than liquefied H2 distribution, the electrochemical CO2 reduction to formic acid system reduces the H2 distribution cost by 12%. Breakdown of the cost compositions revealed that reduction of steam usage for thermocatalytic processes in the future can make the LOHC system based on thermocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid to be competitive with liquefied H2 distribution if the production cost could be reduced by 23% and 32%, according to the dehydrogenation mode selected. Using formic acid as a LOHC was shown to be less competitive compared to liquefied H2 delivery in terms of LCA, but producing formic acid via electrochemical CO2 reduction was shown to retain the lowest global warming potential among the considered options.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal12101113
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Structural and Quantitative Characterization of Mucin-Type O-Glycans and the Identification of O-Glycosylation Sites in Bovine Submaxillary Mucin
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2020-04-20), p. 636-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2020-04-20), p. 636-
    Abstract: Bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) is a gel-forming glycoprotein polymer, and Ser/Thr-linked glycans (O-glycans) are important in regulating BSM’s viscoelasticity and polymerization. However, details of O-glycosylation have not been reported. This study investigates the structural and quantitative characteristics of O-glycans and identifies O-glycosylation sites in BSM using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The O-glycans (consisting of di- to octa-saccharides) and their quantities (%) relative to total O-glycans (100%; 1.1 pmol per 1 μg of BSM) were identified with 14 major ( 〉 1.0%), 12 minor (0.1%–1.0%), and eight trace ( 〈 0.1%) O-glycans, which were characterized based on their constituents (sialylation (14 O-glycans; 81.9%, sum of relative quantities of each glycan), non-sialylation (20; 18.1%), fucosylation (20; 17.5%), and terminal-galactosylation (6; 3.6%)) and six core structure types [Gal-GalNAc, Gal-(GlcNAc)GalNAc, GlcNAc-GalNAc, GlcNAc-(GlcNAc)GalNAc, and GalNAc-GalNAc]. O-glycosylation sites were identified using O-glycopeptides (bold underlined; 56SGETRTSVI, 259SHSSSGRSRTI, 272GSPSSVSSAEQI, 307RPSYGAL, 625QTLGPL, 728TMTTRTSVVV, and 1080RPEDNTAVA) obtained from proteolytic BSM; these sites are in the four domains of BSM. The gel-forming mucins share common domain structures and glycosylation patterns; these results could provide useful information on mucin-type O-glycans. This is the first study to characterize O-glycans and identify O-glycosylation sites in BSM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom10040636
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Distribution and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Liquid and Solid Phases in the Unit Processes of Sewage Treatment Plants
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2020-01-21), p. 687-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2020-01-21), p. 687-
    Abstract: In this study, we analyzed 27 pharmaceuticals in liquid and solid phase samples collected from the unit processes of four different sewage treatment plants (STPs) to evaluate their distribution and behavior of the pharmaceuticals. The examination of the relative distributions of various categories of pharmaceuticals in the influent showed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant. While the relative distribution of antibiotics in the influent was not high (i.e., 3%–5%), it increased to 14%–30% in the effluent. In the four STPs, the mass load of the target pharmaceuticals was reduced by 88%–95% mainly in the biological treatment process, whereas the ratio of pharmaceuticals in waste sludge to those in the influent (w/w) was only 2%. In all the STPs, the removal efficiencies for the stimulant caffeine, NSAIDs (acetaminophen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid), and the antibiotic cefradine were high; they were removed mainly by biological processes. Certain compounds, such as the NSAID ketoprofen, contrast agent iopromide, lipid regulator gemfibrozil, and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, showed varying removal efficiencies depending on the contribution of biodegradation and sludge sorption. In addition, a quantitative meta-analysis was performed to compare the pharmaceutical removal efficiencies of the biological treatment processes in the four STPs, which were a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process, anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A2O) process, and moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process. Among the biological processes, the removal efficiency was in the order of MBR 〉 SBR 〉 A2O 〉 MBBR. Among the tertiary treatment processes investigated, powdered activated carbon showed the highest removal efficiency of 18%–63% for gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, atenolol, cimetidine, and trimethoprim.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030687
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Role and Potential of Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer in Anaerobic Digestion
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Energies Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-01-03), p. 107-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-01-03), p. 107-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en11010107
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Identification of SNPs and Candidate Genes Associated with Salt Stress in Two Korean Sorghum Cultivars and Understanding Selection Pressures in the Breeding Process
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-14), p. 2511-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-14), p. 2511-
    Abstract: One of the abiotic stresses, salt stress, has an impact on the production and development of crops around the world. Sorghum is a functional genomics model crop of C4 plants due to its small genome size, and it is suitable for providing a clue to the mechanism associated with salt tolerance at the transcriptomic level. However, the mechanism of salt-related genes in sorghum has not been well described. RNA sequencing, using QuantSeq, was performed on two Korean cultivars, ‘Sodamchal’ and ‘Nampungchal’, which are known to have different intensities in response to salt stress, between a control and high-salinity treatment over a different time-course. In addition, physiological responses such as the proline, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and reducing sugar contents were evaluated under the salt-stress treatment between these two sorghum cultivars. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Nampungchal and Sodamchal cultivars were identified in their leaves and roots, respectively. Moreover, the function of DEGs was confirmed through GO classification and KEGG pathway. We also analyzed the correlation between the selection pressure with DEGs by identifying Ka/Ks of DEGs. In the breeding process, the role of positive or negative selected genes was analyzed. Therefore, a new hypothesis on selection pressure was proposed from the breeding perspective of cultivars. A comparative analysis of the two sorghum cultivars provides candidate genes involved in the salt-stress response and may offer a better understanding of the salt-tolerance mechanism in sorghum.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12102511
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Effects of Different pH Control Strategies on Microalgae Cultivation and Nutrient Removal from Anaerobic Digestion Effluent
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-02-03), p. 357-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-02-03), p. 357-
    Abstract: This study investigated nutrient removal from anaerobic digestion effluent by cultivating mixed-culture microalgae enriched from anaerobic sludge under different pH conditions: RUC (uncontrolled), R7–8 (maintained at 7–8), and R 〈 8 (maintained below 8). Significant amounts of NH4+-N were lost by volatilization in RUC cultures due to increased pH values (≤8.6) during the early period of cultivation. The pH control strategies significantly affected the biological NH4+-N removal (highest in R7–8), microalgal growth (highest in R7–8), biomass settleability (highest in R 〈 8), and microalgal growth relative to bacteria (highest in R 〈 8) in the cultures. Parachlorella completely dominated the microalgal communities in the inoculum and all of the cultures, and grew well at highly acidic pH ( 〈 3) induced by culture acidification with microalgal growth. Microalgae-associated bacterial community structure developed very differently among the cultures. The findings call for more attention to the influence and control of pH changes during cultivation in microalgal treatment of anaerobic digestion effluent.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020357
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conducting Polymer Based Nanobiosensors
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Polymers Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2016-06-30), p. 249-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2016-06-30), p. 249-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym8070249
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Effect of Mild-Temperature Thermo-Alkaline Pretreatment on the Solubilization and Anaerobic Digestion of Spent Coffee Grounds
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Energies Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-04-08), p. 865-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-04-08), p. 865-
    Abstract: Mild-temperature thermo-alkaline pretreatment of spent coffee grounds (SCG) was studied to improve its solubilization and methanation. The simultaneous effects of NaOH concentration (0–0.2 M) and temperature (60–90 °C) were investigated. Significant solubilization of SCG was achieved by the pretreatment, particularly under high-NaOH-concentration and high-temperature conditions. However, adding NaOH above a certain concentration adversely affected the methane production. Therefore, the degree of solubilization (SD) correlated poorly with methane yield (Ym). Response surface models of SD and Ym were successfully generated. The maximum response of SD (36.4%) was obtained at 0.18 M NaOH and 90.0 °C, while that of Ym (263.31 mL CH4/g COD added) was obtained at 0.13 M NaOH and 70.5 °C. Hydrogenotrophic Methanospirillum species were the dominant methanogens in all the SCG digestion tests. It is likely that NaOH concentration had a more significant influence on the development of microbial community structure, particularly of methanogens than temperature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en11040865
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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