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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Spatial Mapping of a Highly Non-Uniform Distribution of Particle-Bound PAH in a Densely Populated Urban Area
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2020-05-12), p. 496-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2020-05-12), p. 496-
    Abstract: In this work, a 2-D gridded air pollution map with a high resolution of 50 × 50 m2 was proposed to help the exposure assessment studies focusing on the association between air pollutants and their health effects. To establish a reliable air pollution map in a 2 × 2 km2 urban area, a mobile monitoring procedure and a data process were developed. Among the various vehicle-related air pollutants, the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pPAH) was chosen as a sensitive indicator. The average pPAH concentration on major roads (293.1 ng/m3) was found to be 35 times higher than that at a background location (8.4 ng/m3). Based on the cell-based pPAH concentrations, the 50 × 50 m2 cells in the air pollution map were categorized into five pollution levels. The higher air pollution levels were generally shown by the cells close to the major traffic emission points. The proposed map can be used to make various policies regarding land use and traffic flow control in urban areas. Estimation of the personal exposure level to air pollutants is possible at a reliable location using the highly resolved 2-D gridded air pollution map in exposure assessment studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050496
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 2
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    Prognosis of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer with Distant Metastasis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 23 ( 2022-11-24), p. 5784-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 23 ( 2022-11-24), p. 5784-
    Abstract: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is derived from follicular thyroid cells and is associated with high mortality risk. Obtaining information to characterize ATC is difficult because ATC with distant metastasis is extremely rare. This study determined the clinical characteristics of ATC with distant metastasis. The medical records of 152 patients with ATC at Gangnam Severance Hospital were reviewed between January 2004 and March 2022. The primary endpoint was the overall survival of the total patient sample, patients with ATC and distant metastasis, and those with ATC and brain metastasis. Of the 152 patients with ATC, 88 had distant metastasis at diagnosis. The 5-year disease-specific survival was 24% for total ATC and 10% for ATC with distant metastasis. Survival for 〉 1 year was 32% for total ATC and 15% for ATC with distant metastasis. The median survival rate differed significantly between the total ATC and ATC with distant metastasis groups (228.5 vs. 171 days). Among the ATC cases, 11% had brain metastasis; thus, brain MRI or CT is worth considering at diagnosis and follow-up, even if there were no statistical difference in overall survival between patients with ATC with and without brain metastasis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235784
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 3
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    Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of Portable and Large-Area Blackbody System
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sensors Vol. 20, No. 20 ( 2020-10-15), p. 5836-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 20 ( 2020-10-15), p. 5836-
    Abstract: In this study, a portable and large-area blackbody system was developed following a series of processes including design, computational analysis, fabrication, and experimental analysis and evaluation. The blackbody system was designed to be lightweight (5 kg), and its temperature could exceed the ambient temperature by up to 15 °C under operation. A carbon-fiber-based heat source was used to achieve a uniform temperature distribution. A heat shield fabricated from an insulation material was embedded at the opposite side of the heating element to minimize heat loss. A prototype of the blackbody system was fabricated based on the design and transient coupled electro-thermal simulation results. The operation performance of this system, such as the thermal response, signal transfer function, and noise equivalent temperature difference, was evaluated by employing an infrared imaging system. In addition, emissivity was measured during operation. The results of this study show that the developed portable and large-area blackbody system can be expected to serve as a reliable reference source for the calibration of aerial infrared images for the application of aerial infrared techniques to remote sensing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s20205836
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
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    Clinicopathological and Genetic Characteristics of Patients of Different Ages with Diffuse Sclerosing Variant Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Cancers Vol. 15, No. 12 ( 2023-06-07), p. 3101-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 12 ( 2023-06-07), p. 3101-
    Abstract: Diffuse sclerosing variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSVPTC) is commonly observed in young patients, with a median age at diagnosis in the third decade of life. Further, the risk of recurrence is higher for DSVPTC than for classical PTC. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of patients of different ages with DSVPTC. We retrospectively reviewed 397 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for DSVPTC at Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, from January 2005 to December 2017. The mean age at diagnosis was 36.7 ± 11.6 years, with most patients (163, 41.1%) aged 31–40 years. DSVPTC was predominant in women (276, 69.5%). We observed recurrence in 46 (11.6%) patients, with regional nodal recurrence being the most common type of recurrence (32 patients, 69.6%). The mean tumour size was larger in younger patients than in older patients. DSVPTC was more aggressive in paediatric patients with a larger-sized tumour, more common multiplicity, and lateral neck metastasis. Through random sampling, we selected 41 patients by age group and examined the mutations in 119 genes using next-generation sequencing. BRAF, KRAS, and TERT displayed relatively higher mutation rates than other genes. DSVPTC displays different clinical, pathological, and molecular profiles than classical PTC. The BRAF, KRAS, and TERT mutations are the most important, with age-specific differences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123101
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 5
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    Gene Therapy Using Efficient Direct Lineage Reprogramming Technology for Neurological Diseases
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2023-05-19), p. 1680-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2023-05-19), p. 1680-
    Abstract: Gene therapy is an innovative approach in the field of regenerative medicine. This therapy entails the transfer of genetic material into a patient’s cells to treat diseases. In particular, gene therapy for neurological diseases has recently achieved significant progress, with numerous studies investigating the use of adeno-associated viruses for the targeted delivery of therapeutic genetic fragments. This approach has potential applications for treating incurable diseases, including paralysis and motor impairment caused by spinal cord injury and Parkinson’s disease, and it is characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Recently, several studies have explored the potential of direct lineage reprogramming (DLR) for treating incurable diseases, and highlighted the advantages of DLR over conventional stem cell therapy. However, application of DLR technology in clinical practice is hindered by its low efficiency compared with cell therapy using stem cell differentiation. To overcome this limitation, researchers have explored various strategies such as the efficiency of DLR. In this study, we focused on innovative strategies, including the use of a nanoporous particle-based gene delivery system to improve the reprogramming efficiency of DLR-induced neurons. We believe that discussing these approaches can facilitate the development of more effective gene therapies for neurological disorders.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano13101680
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 6
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    Hemicyanine-Based Near-Infrared Fluorescence Off–On Probes for Imaging Intracellular and In Vivo Nitroreductase Activity
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 7 ( 2023-03-23), p. 6074-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 7 ( 2023-03-23), p. 6074-
    Abstract: Nitroreductase (NTR) has the ability to activate nitro group-containing prodrugs and decompose explosives; thus, the evaluation of NTR activity is specifically important in pharmaceutical and environmental areas. Numerous studies have verified effective fluorescent methods to detect and image NTR activity; however, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probes for biological applications are lacking. Thus, in this study, we synthesized novel NIR probes (NIR-HCy-NO2 1–3) by introducing a nitro group to the hemicyanine skeleton to obtain fluorescence images of NTR activity. Additionally, this study was also designed to propose a different water solubility and investigate the catalytic efficiency of NTR. NIR-HCy-NO2 inherently exhibited a low fluorescence background due to the interference of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) by the nitro group. The conversion from the nitro to amine group by NTR induced a change in the absorbance spectra and lead to the intense enhancement of the fluorescence spectra. When assessing the catalytic efficiency and the limit of detection (LOD), including NTR activity imaging, it was demonstrated that NIR-HCy-NO2 1 was superior to the other two probes. Moreover, we found that NIR-HCy-NO2 1 reacted with type I mitochondrial NTR in live cell imaging. Conclusively, NIR-HCy-NO2 demonstrated a great potential for application in various NTR-related fields, including NTR activity for cell imaging in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076074
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Amomum villosum var. xanthioides Attenuates Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis via Improvement of Antioxidant Capacities
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2021-06-23), p. 998-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2021-06-23), p. 998-
    Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), affects 25% of the global population. Despite the prevalence of NAFLD worldwide, effective therapeutics are currently lacking. Amomum villosum var. xanthioides (Wall. ex Baker) T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen (AX) is a medicinal herb traditionally used for treating digestive tract disorders in countries across Asia. We aimed to examine the pharmacological effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of AX (AXEF) against tunicamycin (TM)-induced ER stress in a NASH mouse model using C57/BL6J male mice. Following TM injections (2 mg/kg), the mice were orally administrated AXEF (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg), silymarin (50 mg/kg), or distilled water daily for 5 days, and the outcomes for fatty liver, inflammation, and oxidative stress were measured in serum or liver tissue levels. AXEF drastically attenuated hepatic ER stress-induced NASH as indicated by decreases in lipid droplet accumulations, serum liver enzymes, hepatic inflammations, and cell death signals in the hepatic tissue and/or serum levels. Interestingly, AXEF showed potent antioxidant effects by quenching reactive oxidative stress and its final product lipid peroxide in the hepatic tissue, specifically an increase in metallothionein (MT). To confirm the underlying actions of AXEF, we observed that AXEF increases MT1 gene promoter activities in the physiological levels. Collectively, AXEF showed antioxidant properties on TM-induced ER stress in a NASH mice model through the improvement of MTs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070998
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 8
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    Preparation of Eggshell-Type Ru/Al2O3 Catalysts for Hydrogen Production Using Steam-Methane Reforming on PEMFC
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2021-08-09), p. 951-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2021-08-09), p. 951-
    Abstract: Ru-based eggshell-type catalysts, in which Ru is located at the outer region of the pellet, were prepared by the impregnation method, using spherically shaped γ-Al2O3 pellets for steam-methane reforming (SMR). Ru was only supported on the external region of the pellet because of the strong interaction between its precursor and the alumina pellet. The Ru precursor penetrated the inside of the pellet by adding nitric acid to the impregnation solution. The distribution and thickness of the Ru layer in the catalyst can be controlled using the HNO3/Ru molar ratio and contact time at the impregnation step. Among the catalysts, the graded eggshell-type catalyst showed the highest activity and long-term stability in the SMR reaction. In addition, in the daily startup and shutdown (DSS) operation, similar to the hydrogen production environment for domestic polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), the graded eggshell-type catalyst showed high activity and stability after multiple cycles. Based on the experimental studies, it was confirmed that Ru-based catalysts are suitable for steam-methane reforming for PEMFC.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal11080951
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 9
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    Anti-Cancer SERCA Inhibitors Targeting Sorafenib-Resistant Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-11), p. 7069-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-11), p. 7069-
    Abstract: Thyroid cancer is generally curable and, in many cases, can be completely treated, although it can sometimes recur after cancer therapy. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is known as one of the most general subtypes of thyroid cancer, which take up nearly 80% of whole thyroid cancer. However, PTC may develop anti-cancer drug resistance via metastasis or recurrence, making it practically incurable. In this study, we propose a clinical approach that identifies novel candidates based on target identification and validation of numerous survival-involved genes in human sorafenib-sensitive and -resistant PTC. Consequently, we recognized a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) in human sorafenib-resistant PTC cells. Based on the present results, we detected novel SERCA inhibitor candidates 24 and 31 via virtual screening. These SERCA inhibitors showed remarkable tumor shrinkage in the sorafenib-resistant human PTC xenograft tumor model. These consequences would be clinically worthwhile for the development of a new combinatorial strategy that effectively targets incredibly refractory cancer cells, such as cancer stem cells and anti-cancer drug-resistant cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087069
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 10
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    Design of a Structure for Optimized Optical Performance of a Full Colored Organic Light-Emitting Diode on a Parameter Space Map
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-01-31), p. 585-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-01-31), p. 585-
    Abstract: In general, optical properties of a top-emitting organic light-emitting diode (OLED) are dependent on the cavity effect of the OLED structure. Therefore, the optical path length of the many thin solid films in the OLED, which is strongly affected by the refractive index and thickness of each material, controls the cavity effect of the cell. In previous research, a parameter space method for optimizing the inorganic layer thickness of a red OLED structure was introduced to achieve the required bandwidth and peak wavelength. This is a simple method with high accuracy and can also be applied to red, green, and blue OLED structures. To design an OLED cell with a practical approach, however, the RGB OLED device requires the thickness of each inorganic layer and organic layer in all three R, G, and B OLED structures to be same. In this study, we applied the parameter space method to an RGB OLED device to find out and optimize the thickness of three inorganic parameters: Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), cathode, and capping layer (CPL) using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The parameters ITO, cathode, and CPL were scanned from 18 to 21 nm, 5 to 100 nm, and 10 to 200 nm, respectively. The peak wavelength and bandwidth lines of the three spectral colors were placed on a map of the three inorganic layer thickness parameters to find the optimized points that can provide the desired optical characteristics with the same film thickness in the cell.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym14030585
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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