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  • 1
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    Tat-Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein Reduces Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Damage and Its Possible Relationship with 14-3-3η
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cells Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2020-08-03), p. 1827-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2020-08-03), p. 1827-
    Abstract: Cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a) binds to the C-terminal domain of cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) and regulates CB1R activities. In this study, we made Tat-CRIP1a fusion proteins to enhance CRIP1a penetration into neurons and brain and to evaluate the function of CRIP1a in neuroprotection following oxidative stress in HT22 hippocampal cells and transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Purified exogenous Tat-CRIP1a was penetrated into HT22 cells in a time and concentration-dependent manner and prevented H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species formation, DNA fragmentation, and cell damage. Tat-CRIP1a fusion protein also ameliorated the reduction of 14-3-3η expression by H2O2 treatment in HT22 cells. Ischemia–reperfusion damage caused motor hyperactivity in the open field test of gerbils; however, the treatment of Tat-CRIP1a significantly reduced hyperactivity 1 day after ischemia. Four days after ischemia, the administration of Tat-CRIP1a restored the loss of pyramidal neurons and decreased reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis induced by ischemic damage in the hippocampal cornu Ammonis (CA)1 region. Ischemic damage decreased 14-3-3η expression in all hippocampal sub-regions 4 days after ischemia; however, the treatment of Tat-CRIP1 ameliorated the reduction of 14-3-3η expression. These results suggest that Tat-CRIP1a attenuates neuronal damage and hyperactivity induced by ischemic damage, and it restores normal expression levels of 14-3-3η protein in the hippocampus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells9081827
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 2
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    Immune Modulatory Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Enriched Natural Products in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Animal Models
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Molecules Vol. 26, No. 8 ( 2021-04-13), p. 2251-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 26, No. 8 ( 2021-04-13), p. 2251-
    Abstract: The immune system plays an important role in maintaining body homeostasis. Recent studies on the immune-enhancing effects of ginseng saponins have revealed more diverse mechanisms of action. Maillard reaction that occurs during the manufacturing processes of red ginseng produces a large amount of Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs), such as arginyl-fructose (AF). The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects of AF have been reported. However, the possible immune enhancing effects of non-saponin ginseng compounds, such as AF, have not been investigated. In this study the effects of AF and AF-enriched natural product (Ginofos, GF) on proliferation of normal mouse splenocytes were evaluated in vitro and male BALB/c mice models. The proliferation of splenocytes treated with mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide) were further increased by addition of AF (p 〈 0.01) or GF (p 〈 0.01), in a dose dependent manner. After the 10 days of oral administration of compounds, changes in weights of spleen and thymus, serum immunoglobulin, and expression of cytokines were measured as biomarkers of immune-enhancing potential in male BALB/c mice model. The AF or GF treated groups had higher weights of the thymus (0.94 ± 0.25 and 0.86 ± 0.18, p 〈 0.05, respectively) than that of cyclophosphamide treated group (0.59 ± 0.18). This result indicates that AF or AF-enriched extract (GF) increased humoral immunity against CY-induced immunosuppression. In addition, immunoglobulin contents and expression of cytokines including IgM (p 〈 0.01), IgG (p 〈 0.05), IL-2 (p 〈 0.01), IL-4 (p 〈 0.01), IL-6 (p 〈 0.01), and IFN-γ (p 〈 0.05) were also significantly increased by supplementation of AF or GF. These results indicate that AF has immune enhancing effects by activation of adaptive immunity via increase of expression of immunoglobulins and cytokines such as IgM, IgG, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and thereby proliferating the weight of thymus. Our findings provide a pharmacological rationale for AF-enriched natural products such as ginseng and red ginseng that can possibly have immune-enhancement potential and should be further evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082251
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 3
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    Anti-Photoaging Effects of Low Molecular-Weight Fucoidan on Ultraviolet B-Irradiated Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 16, No. 8 ( 2018-08-18), p. 286-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 8 ( 2018-08-18), p. 286-
    Abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) B exposure induces DNA damage and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes skin photoaging through signaling pathways of inflammation and modulation of extracellular matrix remodeling proteins, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). As low molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) has potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, we examined the protective effects of LMF against UVB-induced photoaging. A UVB-irradiated mouse model was topically treated with myricetin or LMF at 2.0, 1.0 and 0.2 mg/cm2 (LMF2.0, LMF1.0 and LMF0.2, respectively) once a day for 15 weeks. Wrinkle formation, inflammation, oxidative stress, MMP expression, and apoptosis in the treated regions were compared with those in a distilled water-treated photoaging model (UVB control). LMF treatments, particularly LMF2.0 and LMF1.0, significantly inhibited the wrinkle formation, skin edema, and neutrophil recruitment into the photo-damaged lesions, compared with those in the UVB control. While LMF decreased interleukin (IL)-1β release, it increased IL-10. The LMF treatment inhibited the oxidative stresses (malondialdehyde and superoxide anion) and enhanced endogenous antioxidants (glutathione). Additionally, LMF reduced the mRNA expression of MMP-1, 9, and 13. The histopathological analyses revealed the anti-photoaging effects of LMF exerted via its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and MMP-9-inhibiting effects. These suggest that LMF can be used as a skin-protective remedy for photoaging.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md16080286
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
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    Effect of Long-Term Dietary Arginyl-Fructose (AF) on Hyperglycemia and HbA1c in Diabetic db/db Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2014
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2014-05-12), p. 8352-8359
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2014-05-12), p. 8352-8359
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058352
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
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    Selected Tea and Tea Pomace Extracts Inhibit Intestinal α-Glucosidase Activity in Vitro and Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Vivo
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2015-04-21), p. 8811-8825
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2015-04-21), p. 8811-8825
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048811
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    The Optimal Selection of Mother Wavelet Function and Decomposition Level for Denoising of DCG Signal
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sensors Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2021-03-06), p. 1851-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2021-03-06), p. 1851-
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to find the optimal mother wavelet function and wavelet decomposition level when denoising the Doppler cardiogram (DCG), the heart signal obtained by the Doppler radar sensor system. To select the best suited mother wavelet function and wavelet decomposition level, this paper presents the quantitative analysis results. Both the optimal mother wavelet and decomposition level are selected by evaluating signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) efficiency of the denoised signals obtained by using the wavelet thresholding method. A total of 115 potential functions from six wavelet families were examined for the selection of the optimal mother wavelet function and 10 levels (1 to 10) were evaluated for the choice of the best decomposition level. According to the experimental results, the most efficient selections of the mother wavelet function are “db9” and “sym9” from Daubechies and Symlets families, and the most suitable decomposition level for the used signal is seven. As the evaluation criterion in this study rates the efficiency of the denoising process, it was found that a mother wavelet function longer than 22 is excessive. The experiment also revealed that the decomposition level can be predictable based on the frequency features of the DCG signal. The proposed selection of the mother wavelet function and the decomposition level could reduce noise effectively so as to improve the quality of the DCG signal in information field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s21051851
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 7
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    Inhibition of Osteoarthritis-Related Molecules by Isomucronulatol 7-O-β-d-glucoside and Ecliptasaponin A in IL-1β-Stimulated Chondrosarcoma Cell Model
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Molecules Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2018-10-29), p. 2807-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2018-10-29), p. 2807-
    Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the common form of arthritis and is characterized by disability and cartilage degradation. Although natural product extracts have been reported to have anti-osteoarthritic effects, the potential bioactivity of Ryupunghwan (RPH), a traditional Korean medicinal botanical formula that contains Astragalus membranaceus, Turnera diffusa, Achyranthes bidentata, Angelica gigas, Eclipta prostrata, Eucommia ulmoides, and Ilex paraguariensis, is not known well. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of single compounds isolated from RPH on the OA-related molecules were investigated using IL-1β-stimulated chondrosarcoma SW1353 (SW1353) cell model. Two bioactive compounds, isomucronulatol 7-O-β-d-glucoside (IMG) and ecliptasaponin A (ES) were isolated and purified from RPH using column chromatography, and then the structures were analyzed using ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectrum. The expression or amount of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), COX1/2, TNF-α, IL-1β or p65 was determined by RT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RPH pretreatment reduced the expression and amounts of MMP13, and the expression of collagen II, COX1/2, TNF-α, IL-1β or p65, which were increased in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 cells. IMG reduced the expression of all OA-related molecules, but the observed inhibitory effect was less than that of RPH extract. The other single compound ES showed the reduced expression of all OA-related molecules, and the effect was stronger than that in IMG (approximately 100 fold). Combination pretreatment of both single components remarkably reduced the expression of MMP13, compared to each single component. These synergic effects may provide potential molecular modes of action for the anti-osteoarthritic effects of RPH observed in clinical and animal studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112807
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 8
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    Inhibitory Effects of Roseoside and Icariside E4 Isolated from a Natural Product Mixture (No-ap) on the Expression of Angiotensin II Receptor 1 and Oxidative Stress in Angiotensin II-Stimulated H9C2 Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Molecules Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2019-01-23), p. 414-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2019-01-23), p. 414-
    Abstract: Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to elucidate whether the natural product mixture No-ap (NA) containing Pine densiflora, Annona muricate, and Monordica charantia, or its single components have inhibitory effects on hypertension-related molecules in Angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated H9C2 cells. Individual functional components were isolated and purified from NA using various columns and solvents, and then their structures were analyzed using ESI–MS, 1H-NMR, and 13H-NMR spectra. H9C2 cells were stimulated with 300 nM Ang II for 7 h. NA, telmisartan, ginsenoside, roseoside (Roseo), icariside E4 (IE4), or a combination of two components (Roseo and IE4) were administered to the cells 1 h before Ang II stimulation. The expression and activity of hypertension-related molecules or oxidative molecules were determined using RT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA. Ang II stimulation increased the expression of Ang II receptor 1 (AT1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (•O2−) and reduced anti-oxidant enzyme activity. NA significantly improved the expression or activities of all hypertension-related molecules altered in Ang II-stimulated cells. Roseo or IE4 pretreatment either decreased or increased the expression or activities of all hypertension-related molecules similar to NA, but to a lesser extent. The pretreatment with a combination of Roseo and IE4 (1:1) either decreased or increased the expression of all hypertension-related molecules, compared to each single component, revealing a synergistic action of the two compounds. Thus, the combination of single components could exert promising anti-hypertensive effects similar to NA, which should be examined in future animal and clinical studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030414
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 9
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    Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Administration of Arginyl-Fructose-Enriched Jeju Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Extract in C57BL/6 Mice and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 10 ( 2022-05-19), p. 3248-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 10 ( 2022-05-19), p. 3248-
    Abstract: In our previous study, we reported that arginyl-fructose (AF), one of the Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by the heat processing of Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. This reduced absorption of carbohydrate might be helpful to control body weight gain due to excessive carbohydrate consumption and support induced calorie restriction. However, the weight management effect, except for the effect due to anti-hyperglycemic action, along with the potential mechanism of action have not yet been determined. Therefore, the efforts of this study are to investigate and understand the possible weight management effect and mechanism action of AF-enriched barley extracts (BEE). More specifically, the effect of BEE on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression, body weight gain, body weight, plasma lipids, body fat mass, and lipid deposition were evaluated using C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes models. The formation of lipid droplets in the 3T3-L1 treated with BEE (500 and 750 µg/mL) was significantly blocked (p 〈 0.05 and p 〈 0.01, respectively). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (30% fat) for 8 weeks with BEE (0.3 g/kg-body weight). Compared to the high fat diet control (HFD) group, the cells treated with BEE significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α), the mRNA expression of downstream lipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Supplementation of BEE effectively lowered the body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, and plasma lipid concentrations. Compared to the HFD group, BEE significantly suppressed body weight gain (16.06 ± 2.44 g vs. 9.40 ± 1.39 g, p 〈 0.01) and increased serum adiponectin levels, significantly, 1.6-folder higher than the control group. These results indicate that AF-enriched barley extracts may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103248
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    Molecular Weight Dependent Glucose Lowering Effect of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) on Postprandial Blood Glucose Level in SD Rats Model
    MDPI AG ; 2013
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2013-07-09), p. 14214-14224
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2013-07-09), p. 14214-14224
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714214
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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