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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Higher CCL22+ Cell Infiltration is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Cervical Cancer Patients
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Cancers Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-12-12), p. 2004-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-12-12), p. 2004-
    Abstract: The chemokine CCL22 recruits regulatory T (T-reg) cells into tumor tissues and is expressed in many human tumors. However, the prognostic role of CCL22 in cervical cancer (CC) has not been determined. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical significance of the expression of CCL22 and FOXP3 in 230 cervical cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining analyses of CCL22 and FOXP3 were performed with a tissue microarray. Double immunofluorescence staining, cell coculture, and ELISA were used to determine CCL22 expressing cells and mechanisms. The higher number of infiltrating CCL22+ cells (CCL22high) group was associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.004), Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique (FIGO) stages (p = 0.010), therapeutic strategies (p = 0.007), and survival status (p = 0.002). The number of infiltrating CCL22+ cells was positively correlated with that of infiltrating FOXP3+ cells (r = 0.210, p = 0.001). The CCL22high group had a lower overall survival rate (OS), compared to the CCL22low group (p = 0.001). However, no significant differences in progression free survival (PFS) were noted between the two groups. CCL22high was an independent predictor of shorter OS (HR, 4.985; p = 0.0001). The OS of the combination group CCL22highFOXP3high was significantly lower than that of the combination group CCL22lowFOXP3low regardless of the FIGO stage and disease subtype. CCL22highFOXP3high was an independent indictor of shorter OS (HR, 5.284; p = 0.009). The PFS of group CCL22highFOXP3high was significantly lower than that of group CCL22lowFOXP3low in cervical adenocarcinoma, but CCL22highFOXP3high was not an independent indicator (HR, 3.018; p = 0.068). CCL22 was primarily expressed in M2-like macrophages in CC and induced by cervical cancer cells. The findings of our study indicate that cervical cancer patients with elevated CCL22+ infiltrating cells require more aggressive treatment. Moreover, the results provide a basis for subsequent, comprehensive studies to advance the design of immunotherapy for cervical cancer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122004
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 2
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    Laves Phase Precipitation Behavior in HiperFer (High Performance Ferritic) Steel with and without Boron Alloying
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Metals Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2023-01-26), p. 235-
    Details
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2023-01-26), p. 235-
    Abstract: High-chromium ferritic stainless HiperFer steels were developed for high-temperature applications in power conversion equipment. The presented research describes the precipitation behavior of the Laves phase after the thermomechanical treatment of Fe-17Cr-0.6Nb-2.4W HiperFer alloys with and without the addition of 55 ppm boron. The boron-alloyed variant was produced with the aim of enhancing grain boundary strengthening and consequently increasing creep resistance. The focus is set on the effect of boron on the thermomechanically induced precipitation of (Fe,Cr,Si)2(Nb,W) Laves phase at grain boundaries. The addition of boron modifies the diffusion conditions in the area of grain boundaries. Consequently, the formation of Laves phase is promoted and the particle growth and coarsening process are suppressed. The impact of boron addition was validated by performing creep and thermomechanical fatigue testing in the standard processing state of HiperFer steel. In the B-alloyed variant, increased creep ductility through the modification of the particle-free zone widths at high-angle grain boundaries was encountered. Nevertheless, an optimized thermomechanical treatment is necessary to fully utilize the increased ductility effect for the creep strength optimization of the B-alloyed grade.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/met13020235
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    “Zero-Waste”: A Sustainable Approach on Pyrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Nodule Slags
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Minerals Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2018-11-23), p. 544-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2018-11-23), p. 544-
    Abstract: A continuously growing demand for valuable non-ferrous metals and therefore an increase in their prices at the metal exchanges makes it necessary and profitable to investigate alternative metal resources. Polymetallic deep-sea nodules contain cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum and nickel, and are highly abundant on the sea floor. Developing a metallurgical process to recover the metal content from manganese nodules can close the predicted supply gap of critical metals like cobalt. This paper investigated a potential extraction process for valuable metals from manganese nodules supplied by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. The samples originated from the German license area of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean. Due to a low concentration of valuable metals in nodules, a pyrometallurgical enrichment step was carried out to separate cobalt, copper, molybdenum and nickel in a metallic phase. The manganese was discarded in the slag and recovered in a second smelting step as ferromanganese. To aid the experiments, FactSageTM was used for thermodynamic modeling of the smelting steps. To increase metal yields and to alter the composition of the metal alloys, different fluxes were investigated. The final slag after two reduction steps were heavy-metal free and a utilization as a mineral product was desired to ensure a zero-waste process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min8120544
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655947-X
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  • 4
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    Analysis of the Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Fully Ferritic High Chromium Steel Crofer®22 H with Cyclic Indentation Testing
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2020-09-16), p. 6461-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2020-09-16), p. 6461-
    Abstract: The 22 wt.% Cr, fully ferritic stainless steel Crofer®22 H has higher thermomechanical fatigue (TMF)- lifetime compared to advanced ferritic-martensitic P91, which is assumed to be caused by different damage tolerance, leading to differences in crack propagation and failure mechanisms. To analyze this, instrumented cyclic indentation tests (CITs) were used because the material’s cyclic hardening potential—which strongly correlates with damage tolerance, can be determined by analyzing the deformation behavior in CITs. In the presented work, CITs were performed for both materials at specimens loaded for different numbers of TMF-cycles. These investigations show higher damage tolerance for Crofer®22 H and demonstrate changes in damage tolerance during TMF-loading for both materials, which correlates with the cyclic deformation behavior observed in TMF-tests. Furthermore, the results obtained at Crofer®22 H indicate an increase of damage tolerance in the second half of TMF-lifetime, which cannot be observed for P91. Moreover, CITs were performed at Crofer®22 H in the vicinity of a fatigue crack, enabling to locally analyze the damage tolerance. These CITs show differences between crack edges and the crack tip. Conclusively, the presented results demonstrate that CITs can be utilized to analyze TMF-induced changes in damage tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10186461
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Ecological Status of Rivers and Streams in Saxony (Germany) According to the Water Framework Directive and Prospects of Improvement
    MDPI AG ; 2012
    In:  Water Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 2012-11-09), p. 887-904
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 4, No. 4 ( 2012-11-09), p. 887-904
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w4040887
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 6
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    A New Approach to Low-Cost, Solar Salt-Resistant Structural Materials for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) and Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Metals Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2021-12-07), p. 1970-
    Details
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2021-12-07), p. 1970-
    Abstract: “Concentrated solar power” (CSP) and thermal energy storage (TES) are promising renewable energy technologies, which have gained increasing interest and practical application in recent years. CSP and TES systems typically utilize molten salts such as the so-called “solar salt”, a mixture of 60 wt.% NaNO3 and 40 wt.% KNO3, for heat transfer and storage. The overall efficiency of commercially operating CSP and TES systems is currently limited, because of solar salt thermal stability, which prevents process temperatures higher than 600 °C. Even at these temperatures, corrosion of the structural materials applied in salt guiding pipework, tubes and containers is a matter of concern in long-term operation, which necessitates careful material selection. This paper outlines the superior salt corrosion behavior of a novel low-cost, Al2O3-forming, ferritic, Laves phase-strengthened (i.e., structural) steel in NaNO3/KNO3 solar salt at 600 °C. Directions for the further development of the LB2230 trial steel towards improved structural properties are derived in comparison to its predecessor Crofer®22 H.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/met11121970
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 7
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    Impact of Thermomechanical Fatigue on Microstructure Evolution of a Ferritic-Martensitic 9 Cr and a Ferritic, Stainless 22 Cr Steel
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2020-09-11), p. 6338-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2020-09-11), p. 6338-
    Abstract: The highly flexible operation schemes of future thermal energy conversion systems (concentrating solar power, heat storage and backup plants, power-2-X technologies) necessitate increased damage tolerance and durability of the applied structural materials under cyclic loading. Resistance to fatigue, especially thermomechanical fatigue and the associated implications for material selection, lifetime and its assessment, are issues not considered adequately by the power engineering materials community yet. This paper investigates the principal microstructural evolution, damage and failure of two steels in thermomechanical fatigue loading: Ferritic-martensitic grade 91 steel, a state of the art 9 wt % Cr power engineering grade and the 22 wt % Cr, ferritic, stainless Crofer® 22 H (trade name of VDM Metals GmbH, Germany; under license of Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH) steel. While the ferritic-martensitic grade 91 steel suffers pronounced microstructural instability, the ferritic Crofer® 22 H provides superior microstructural stability and offers increased fatigue lifetime and more forgiving failure characteristics, because of innovative stabilization by (thermomechanically triggered) precipitation of fine Laves phase particles. The potential for further development of this mechanism of strengthening against fatigue is addressed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10186338
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 8
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    Additive Manufacturing Potentials of High Performance Ferritic (HiperFer) Steels
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2022-07-18), p. 7234-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2022-07-18), p. 7234-
    Abstract: In the present study, the first tailored steel based on HiperFer (high-performance ferrite) was developed specifically for the additive manufacturing process. This steel demonstrates its full performance potential when produced via additive manufacturing, e.g., through a high cooling rate, an in-build heat treatment, a tailored microstructure and counteracts potential process-induced defects (e.g. pores and cavities) via “active” crack-inhibiting mechanisms, such as thermomechanically induced precipitation of intermetallic (Fe,Cr,Si)2(W,Nb) Laves phase particles. Two governing mechanisms can be used to accomplish this: (I) “in-build heat treatment” by utilizing the “temper bead effect” during additive manufacturing and (II) “dynamic strengthening” under cyclic, plastic deformation at high temperature. To achieve this, the first HiperFerAM (additive manufacturing) model alloy with high precipitation kinetics was developed. Initial mechanical tests indicated great potential in terms of the tensile strength, elongation at rupture and minimum creep rate. During the thermomechanical loading, global sub-grain formation occurred in the HiperFerAM, which refined the grain structure and allowed for higher plastic deformation, and consequently, increased the elongation at rupture. The additive manufacturing process also enabled the reduction of grain size to a region, which has not been accessible by conventional processing routes (casting, rolling, heat treatment) so far.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12147234
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Heat Treatment of High-Performance Ferritic (HiperFer) Steels
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 9 ( 2023-05-01), p. 3500-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 9 ( 2023-05-01), p. 3500-
    Abstract: High-performance Ferritic (HiperFer) steels are a novel class of heat-resistant, fully ferritic, Laves phase precipitation hardened materials. In comparison to conventional creep strength-enhanced 9–12 wt.% Cr ferritic–martensitic steels, HiperFer features increased mechanical strength, based on a thermodynamically stable distribution of small (Fe,Cr,Si)2(Nb,W) Laves phase precipitates, and—owing to its increased chromium content of 17 wt.%—improved resistance to steam oxidation, resulting in superior temperature capability up to 650 °C. Previous publications focused on alloying, thermomechanical processing, and basic mechanical property evaluation. The current paper concentrates on the effect of heat treatment on microstructural features, especially Laves phase population, and the resulting creep performance. At 650 °C and a creep stress of 100 MPa, an increase in rupture time of about 100% was achieved in comparison to the solely thermomechanically processed state.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16093500
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 10
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    Active Crack Obstruction Mechanisms in Crofer® 22H at 650 °C
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2022-09-09), p. 6280-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2022-09-09), p. 6280-
    Abstract: Increased cyclic loading of components and materials in future thermal energy conversion systems necessitates novel materials of increased fatigue resistance. The widely used 9–12% Cr steels were developed for high creep strength and thus base load application at temperatures below 620 °C. At higher temperature, these materials present unstable grain structure, prone to polygonization under thermomechanical fatigue loading and limited resistance to steam oxidation. This seminal study compares thermomechanical fatigue resistance and long crack propagation of the advanced ferritic-martensitic steel grade 92 and Crofer® 22H, a fully ferritic, high chromium (22 wt. %) stainless steel, strengthened by Laves phase precipitation. Crofer® 22H features increased resistance to fatigue and steam oxidation resistance up to 650 °C. Both thermomechanical fatigue (crack initiation) and residual (crack propagation) lifetime of Crofer® 22H exceeded that of grade 92. The main mechanisms for improved performance of Crofer® 22H were increased stability of grain structure and “dynamic precipitation strengthening” (DPS). DPS, i.e., thermomechanically triggered precipitation of Laves phase particles and crack deflection at Laves phase-covered sub-grain boundaries, formed in front of crack tips, actively obstructed crack propagation in Crofer® 22H. In addition, it is hypothesized that local strengthening may occur near the crack tip because of grain refinement, which in turn may be impacted by testing frequency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15186280
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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