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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Pilot Study of A2NTX, a Novel Low-Molecular-Weight Neurotoxin Derived from Subtype A2 for Post-Stroke Lower Limb Spasticity: Comparison with OnabotulinumtoxinA
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Toxins Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-28), p. 739-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-28), p. 739-
    Abstract: All the currently used type A botulinum neurotoxins for clinical uses are of subtype A1. We compared the efficacy and safety for the first time head-to-head between a novel botulinum toxin A2NTX prepared from subtype A2 and onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) derived from A1 for post-stroke spasticity. We assessed the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) of the ankle joint, the mobility scores of Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the grip power of the unaffected hand before and after injecting 300 units of BOTOX or A2NTX into calf muscles. The procedure was done in a blinded manner for the patient, the injecting physician, and the examiner. Stroke patients with chronic spastic hemiparesis (15 for A2NTX and 16 for BOTOX) were enrolled, and 11 for A2NTX and 13 for BOTOX (MAS of ankle; 〉 or = 2) were entered for the MAS study. Area-under-curves of changes in MAS (primary outcome) were greater for A2NTX by day 30 (p = 0.044), and were similar by day 60. FIM was significantly improved in the A2NTX group (p = 0.005), but not in the BOTOX group by day 60. The hand grip of the unaffected limb was significantly decreased in the BOTOX-injected group (p = 0.002), but was unaffected in the A2NTX-injected group by day 60, suggesting there was less spread of A2NTX to the upper limb than there was with BOTOX. Being a small-sized pilot investigation with an imbalance in the gender of the subjects, the present study suggested superior efficacy and safety of A2NTX, and warrants a larger scale clinical trial of A2NTX to confirm these preliminary results.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110739
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    TiO2-Photocatalyst-Induced Degradation of Dog and Cat Allergens under Wet and Dry Conditions Causes a Loss in Their Allergenicity
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Toxics Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-08-21), p. 718-
    Details
    In: Toxics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-08-21), p. 718-
    Abstract: Allergies to dogs and cats can cause enormous damage to human health and the economy. Dog and cat allergens are mainly found in dog and cat dander and are present in small particles in the air and in carpets in homes with dogs and cats. Cleaning houses and washing pets are the main methods for reducing allergens in homes; however, it is difficult to eliminate them completely. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether a TiO2 photocatalyst could degrade dog and cat allergens. Under wet conditions, exposure to the TiO2 photocatalyst for 24 h degraded Can f1, which is a major dog allergen extracted from dog dander, by 98.3%, and Fel d1, which is a major cat allergen extracted from cat dander, by 93.6–94.4%. Furthermore, under dry conditions, the TiO2 photocatalyst degraded Can f1 and Fel d1 by 92.8% and 59.2–68.4%, respectively. The TiO2 photocatalyst abolished the binding of dog and cat allergens to human IgE by 104.6% and 108.6%, respectively. The results indicated that the TiO2 photocatalyst degraded dog and cat allergens, causing a loss in their allergenicity. Our results suggest that TiO2 photocatalysis can be useful for removing indoor pet allergens and improving the partnership between humans and pets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6304
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080718
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733883-6
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Clinical Safety and Tolerability of A2NTX, a Novel Low-Molecular-Weight Neurotoxin Derived from Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype A2, in Comparison with Subtype A1 Toxins
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Toxins Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2021-11-22), p. 824-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2021-11-22), p. 824-
    Abstract: All the botulinum type A neurotoxins available for clinical use are of the A1 subtype. We developed a subtype A2 low-molecular-weight (150 kD (kilo Dalton)) neurotoxin (A2NTX) with less spread and faster entry into the motor nerve terminal than A1 in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary clinical studies showed that its efficacy is superior to A1 toxins. We conducted an open study exploring its safety and tolerability profile in comparison with A1LL (LL type A1 toxin, or onabotulinumtoxinA) and a low-molecular-weight (150 kD) A1 neurotoxin (A1NTX). Those who had been using A1LL (n = 90; 50–360 mouse LD50 units) or A1NTX (n = 30; 50–580 units) were switched to A2NTX (n = 120; 25–600 units) from 2010 to 2018 (number of sessions ~27, cumulative doses ~11,640 units per patient). The adverse events for A2NTX included weakness (n = 1, ascribed to alcoholic polyneuropathy), dysphagia (1), local weakness (4), and spread to other muscles (1), whereas those for A1LL or A1NTX comprised weakness (n = 2, A1NTX), dysphagia (8), ptosis (6), local weakness (7), and spread to other muscles (15). After injections, 89 out of 120 patients preferred A2NTX to A1 for the successive sessions. The present study demonstrated that A2NTX had clinical safety up to the dose of 500 units and was well tolerated compared to A1 toxins.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110824
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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