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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Traumatic Brain Injury in Cameroon: A Prospective Observational Study in a Level I Trauma Centre
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Medicina Vol. 59, No. 9 ( 2023-08-28), p. 1558-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 59, No. 9 ( 2023-08-28), p. 1558-
    Abstract: Background and Objective: About 14 million people will likely suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) per year by 2050 in sub-Saharan Africa. Studying TBI characteristics and their relation to outcomes can identify initiatives to improve TBI prevention and care. The objective of this study was to define the features and outcomes of TBI patients seen over a 1-year period in a level-I trauma centre in Cameroon. Materials and Methods: Data on demographics, causes, clinical aspects, and discharge status were collected over a period of 12 months. The Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) and the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire after Brain Injury (QoLIBRI) were used to evaluate outcomes six months after TBI. Comparisons between two categorical variables were done using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: A total of 160 TBI patients participated in the study. The age group 15–45 years was most represented (78%). Males were more affected (90%). A low educational level was seen in 122 (76%) cases. Road traffic incidents (RTI) (85%), assaults (7.5%), and falls (2.5%) were the main causes of TBI, with professional bike riders being frequently involved (27%). Only 15 patients were transported to the hospital by ambulance, and 14 of these were from a referring hospital. CT-imaging was performed in 78% of cases, and intracranial traumatic abnormalities were identified in 64% of cases. Financial constraints (93%) was the main reason for not performing a CT scan. Forty-six (33%) patients were discharged against medical advice (DAMA) due to financial constraints. Mortality was 14% (22/160) and high in patients with severe TBI (46%). DAMA had poor outcomes with QoLIBRI. Only four patients received post-injury physical therapy services. Conclusions: TBI in Cameroon mainly results from RTIs and commonly affects young adult males. Lack of pre-hospital care, financial constraints limiting both CT scanning and medical care, and a lack of acute physiotherapy services likely influenced care and outcomes adversely.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091558
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088820-X
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  • 2
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    Serum Biomarker Concentrations upon Admission in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations with TBI Severity, Toxoplasma gondii Infection, and Outcome in a Referral Hospital Setting in Cameroon
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  NeuroSci Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2023-07-03), p. 164-177
    Details
    In: NeuroSci, MDPI AG, Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2023-07-03), p. 164-177
    Abstract: Despite the available literature on traumatic brain injury (TBI) biomarkers elsewhere, data are limited or non-existent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The aim of the study was to analyse associations in acute TBI between the admission serum biomarker concentrations and TBI severity, CT-scan findings, and outcome, as well as to explore the influence of concurrent Toxoplasma gondii infection. The concentrations of serum biomarkers (GFAP, NFL Tau, UCH-L1, and S100B) were measured and Toxoplasma gondii were detected in the samples obtained 〈 24 h post injury. GOSE was used to evaluate the 6-month outcome. All of the biomarker levels increased with the severity of TBI, but this increase was significant only for NFL (p = 0.01). The GFAP values significantly increased (p = 0.026) in those with an unfavourable outcome. The Tau levels were higher in those who died (p = 0.017). GFAP and NFL were sensitive to CT-scan pathology (p values of 0.004 and 0.002, respectively). The S100B levels were higher (p 〈 0.001) in TBI patients seropositive to Toxoplasma gondii. In conclusion, NFL was found to be sensitive to TBI severity, while NFL and GFAP were predictive of CT intracranial abnormalities. Increased levels of GFAP and Tau were associated with poorer outcomes 6 months after TBI, and the S100B levels were significantly affected by concurrent T. gondii infection in TBI patients compared with the seronegative patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-4087
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/neurosci4030015
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3040317-0
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  • 3
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    Concomitant Guillain–Barré Syndrome and COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Cases
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Medicina Vol. 58, No. 12 ( 2022-12-13), p. 1835-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 58, No. 12 ( 2022-12-13), p. 1835-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives: Recent findings demonstrate that the transmigration of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the nervous system implicates severe neurotropic pathologies, including the onset of the rare disease called Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) which is characterized by immune-mediated polyneuropathy. This study aimed to identify the predisposing factors and the clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced GBS. Materials and Methods: We have performed an analysis of 147 cases. A systematic review of the published research work was performed per the PRISMA statement to obtain individual participant data (IPD) for the meta-analysis. The search was conducted through PubMed, using the combined search terms “Guillain–Barré syndrome” and “COVID-19”. All case reports and series in the English language with accessed full text were included in the search. Results: A systematic database search led to the retrieval of 112 peer-reviewed articles published between 1 April 2020, and 8 February 2022. The articles comprised 16 case series and 96 case reports containing IPD for 147 patients. Our findings showed that 77.6% of all cases were 40 years or older. Males comprised most of the cases (65.3%; n = 96). The intensive care unit (ICU) admission was 44.9%, and the need for mechanical ventilation (MV) was 38.1%. The patients presented with hyporeflexia or areflexia (84.4%; n = 124), lower limb strength and sensation impairment (93.2%; n = 138), upper limb strength and sensation impairment (85.7; n = 126), and somatic sensation impairment (72.8%; n = 107). The patients presented with increased cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) protein levels (92%; n = 92) and the presence of CSF albuminocytological dissociation (83.5%; n = 71). The most common variant of GBS observed was acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). We found that predisposing factors concomitant with COVID-19 and GBS were male gender and older age. Among the cases, patient mortality was 10.9%. Conclusions: A gap of knowledge exists regarding the complete spectrum of clinical characteristics of COVID-19-related GBS. Recent findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 triggers GBS, as it follows a similar para-infectious pattern as the other viral agents contributing to the onset of GBS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121835
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
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    The Mitochondria: A Target of Polyphenols in the Treatment of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 14 ( 2020-07-14), p. 4962-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 14 ( 2020-07-14), p. 4962-
    Abstract: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a constellation of symptoms consisting of ventricular dysfunction and cardiomyocyte disarray in the presence of diabetes. The exact cause of this type of cardiomyopathy is still unknown; however, several processes involving the mitochondria, such as lipid and glucose metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis have been implicated. In addition, polyphenols have been shown to improve the progression of diabetes. In this review, we discuss some of the mechanisms by which polyphenols, particularly resveratrol, play a role in slowing the progression of DCM. The most important intermediates by which polyphenols exert their protective effect include Bcl-2, UCP2, SIRT-1, AMPK and JNK1. Bcl-2 acts to attenuate apoptosis, UCP2 decreases oxidative stress, SIRT-1 increases mitochondrial biogenesis and decreases oxidative stress, AMPK increases autophagy, and JNK1 decreases apoptosis and increases autophagy. Our dissection of these molecular players aims to provide potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of DCM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144962
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
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    Prognostic MicroRNA Panel for HCV-Associated HCC: Integrating Computational Biology and Clinical Validation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2022-06-21), p. 3036-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 13 ( 2022-06-21), p. 3036-
    Abstract: Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will reduce morbidity and mortality rates of this widely spread disease. Dysregulation in microRNA (miRNA) expression is associated with HCC progression. The objective is to identify a panel of differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) to enhance HCC early prediction in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients. Candidate miRNAs were selected using a bioinformatic analysis of microarray and RNA-sequencing datasets, resulting in nine DE-miRNAs (miR-142, miR-150, miR-183, miR-199a, miR-215, miR-217, miR-224, miR-424, and miR-3607). Their expressions were validated in the serum of 44 healthy individuals, 62 non-cirrhotic HCV patients, 67 cirrhotic-HCV, and 72 HCV-associated-HCC patients using real-time PCR (qPCR). There was a significant increase in serum concentrations of the nine-candidate miRNAs in HCC and HCV patients relative to healthy individuals. MiR-424, miR-199a, miR-142, and miR-224 expressions were significantly altered in HCC compared to non-cirrhotic patients. A panel of five miRNAs improved sensitivity and specificity of HCC detection to 100% and 95.12% relative to healthy controls. Distinguishing HCC from HCV-treated patients was achieved by 70.8% sensitivity and 61.9% specificity using the combined panel, compared to alpha-fetoprotein (51.4% sensitivity and 60.67% specificity). These preliminary data show that the novel miRNAs panel (miR-150, miR-199a, miR-224, miR-424, and miR-3607) could serve as a potential non-invasive biomarker for HCC early prediction in chronic HCV patients. Further prospective studies on a larger cohort of patients should be conducted to assess the potential prognostic ability of the miRNAs panel.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133036
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 6
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    The Role of Epac in Cancer Progression
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 18 ( 2020-09-05), p. 6489-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 18 ( 2020-09-05), p. 6489-
    Abstract: Cancer continues to be a prime contributor to global mortality. Despite tremendous research efforts and major advances in cancer therapy, much remains to be learned about the underlying molecular mechanisms of this debilitating disease. A better understanding of the key signaling events driving the malignant phenotype of cancer cells may help identify new pharmaco-targets. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) modulates a plethora of biological processes, including those that are characteristic of malignant cells. Over the years, most cAMP-mediated actions were attributed to the activity of its effector protein kinase A (PKA). However, studies have revealed an important role for the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) as another effector mediating the actions of cAMP. In cancer, Epac appears to have a dual role in regulating cellular processes that are essential for carcinogenesis. In addition, the development of Epac modulators offered new routes to further explore the role of this cAMP effector and its downstream pathways in cancer. In this review, the potentials of Epac as an attractive target in the fight against cancer are depicted. Additionally, the role of Epac in cancer progression, namely its effect on cancer cell proliferation, migration/metastasis, and apoptosis, with the possible interaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these phenomena, is discussed with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and pathways.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186489
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 7
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    Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Techniques in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: Towards Personalized Markers
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2022-02-08), p. 581-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2022-02-08), p. 581-
    Abstract: The proteome represents all the proteins expressed by a genome, a cell, a tissue, or an organism at any given time under defined physiological or pathological circumstances. Proteomic analysis has provided unparalleled opportunities for the discovery of expression patterns of proteins in a biological system, yielding precise and inclusive data about the system. Advances in the proteomics field opened the door to wider knowledge of the mechanisms underlying various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including glycosylation. As of yet, the role of most of these PTMs remains unidentified. In this state-of-the-art review, we present a synopsis of glycosylation processes and the pathophysiological conditions that might ensue secondary to glycosylation shortcomings. The dynamics of protein glycosylation, a crucial mechanism that allows gene and pathway regulation, is described. We also explain how—at a biomolecular level—mutations in glycosylation-related genes may lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations and neurodegenerative disorders. We then analyze the shortcomings of glycoproteomic studies, putting into perspective their downfalls and the different advanced enrichment techniques that emanated to overcome some of these challenges. Furthermore, we summarize studies tackling the association between glycosylation and neuropsychiatric disorders and explore glycoproteomic changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We finally conclude with the role of glycomics in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide perspectives on the clinical application of glycoproteomics as potential diagnostic tools and their application in personalized medicine.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11030581
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 8
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    EPAC in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 14 ( 2020-07-21), p. 5160-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 14 ( 2020-07-21), p. 5160-
    Abstract: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are major components of blood vessels. They regulate physiological functions, such as vascular tone and blood flow. Under pathological conditions, VSMCs undergo a remodeling process known as phenotypic switching. During this process, VSMCs lose their contractility and acquire a synthetic phenotype, where they over-proliferate and migrate from the tunica media to the tunica interna, contributing to the occlusion of blood vessels. Since their discovery as effector proteins of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), exchange proteins activated by cAMP (EPACs) have been shown to play vital roles in a plethora of pathways in different cell systems. While extensive research to identify the role of EPAC in the vasculature has been conducted, much remains to be explored to resolve the reported discordance in EPAC’s effects. In this paper, we review the role of EPAC in VSMCs, namely its regulation of the vascular tone and phenotypic switching, with the likely involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the interplay between EPAC and its targets/effectors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145160
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Traumatic Brain Injury: Oxidative Stress and Novel Anti-Oxidants Such as Mitoquinone and Edaravone
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2020-10-01), p. 943-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2020-10-01), p. 943-
    Abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern worldwide and is classified based on severity into mild, moderate, and severe. The mechanical injury in TBI leads to a metabolic and ionic imbalance, which eventually leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a state of oxidative stress. To date, no drug has been approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of TBI. Nevertheless, it is thought that targeting the pathology mechanisms would alleviate the consequences of TBI. For that purpose, antioxidants have been considered as treatment options in TBI and were shown to have a neuroprotective effect. In this review, we will discuss oxidative stress in TBI, the history of antioxidant utilization in the treatment of TBI, and we will focus on two novel antioxidants, mitoquinone (MitoQ) and edaravone. MitoQ can cross the blood brain barrier and cellular membranes to accumulate in the mitochondria and is thought to activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway leading to an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Edaravone is a free radical scavenger that leads to the mitigation of damage resulting from oxidative stress with a possible association to the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway as well.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100943
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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