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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Company’s Sustainability and Accounting Conservatism: Firms Delisting from KOSDAQ
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2019-03-24), p. 1775-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2019-03-24), p. 1775-
    Abstract: This paper finds evidence that delisting firms make reported earnings more conservative to avoid litigation risk. Conservatism has been used as one of suitable reporting quality measurements that is separate from discretionary accruals, in that investors can monitor the firm’s contract efficiency or litigation risk by demanding conservatism. We collect a sample that is composed of 6348 listed non-financial companies for the period 2009–2016. Our results are as follows. First, we find that companies ahead of delisting are more conservative than other companies in Korean Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (KOSDAQ). Second, companies that are ahead of delisting whose auditor is non-big4 are significantly more conservative. Our results imply that companies that are in the process of delisting are seeking to increase their sustainability and to improve earnings quality, such as conservatism, and that small auditors are more conservative in order to mitigate the higher risk of litigation in comparison with big4 auditors. This study has a role to complement prior studies regarding delisting, and provides that the delisting institutions in KOSDAQ market can improve the efficiency and the reliability of the capital market.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su11061775
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 2
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    MicroRNA and Messenger RNA Expression Profiles in Canine Mammary Gland Tumor
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2023-01-30), p. 2618-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2023-01-30), p. 2618-
    Abstract: Canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm in intact female dogs. As prognosis depends on the malignancy of tumors and metastasis levels, early and accurate diagnosis are crucial for prolongation of life expectancy. The genetic similarity of dogs with humans in addition to environmental and physiological similarities make them ideal models for the study of cancer. In this study, we analyzed differentially expressed microRNAs followed by RNA-Seq to investigate the alterations in mRNA levels based on the malignancy (benign, malignant) and the biopsy locations (tumors, surrounding normal tissues). We identified multiple breast cancer-related genes regardless of malignancy. We found cfa-miR-503 to be the only miRNA that showed altered expression in response to malignancy in CMTs. Although further validation is needed, cfa-miR-503 could be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker as well as a potential RNA-based anti-tumor drug in malignant CMTs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032618
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Identification and Genome Analysis of Vibrio coralliilyticus Causing Mortality of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Larvae
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 9, No. 3 ( 2020-03-11), p. 206-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 3 ( 2020-03-11), p. 206-
    Abstract: Vibrio coralliilyticus is known as a coral pathogen that also infects marine bivalve larvae worldwide. It is considered to be one of the major constraints in artificial marine bivalve seed production as it causes mortality. In this study, we first isolated and characterized a high virulent of V. coralliilyticus designated as SNUTY-1 that was the cause of Pacific oyster larvae mortality in Korea. In the pathogenicity test, exposure to 2.14 × 105 CFU/mL for 24 h caused mortality to 88.65 ± 2.4% of the tested healthy Pacific oyster larvae. SNUTY-1 showed anti-microbial resistance to β-lactams, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. We sequenced and assembled the complete genome of SNUTY-1 (5,842,676 bp), consisting of two chromosomes (Chr I and Chr II) and two plasmids (pSNUTY1 and pSNUTY2). The COG functional analysis confirmed that Chr I had more genes associated with basic cellular functions in comparison to Chr II. The results of the phylogenetic trees based on OrthoANI values indicated that the SNUTY-1 was closely related to V. coralliilyticus strains. SNUTY-1 had a unique plasmid (pSNUTY2), which could mean that the Korean isolate is different from other sequenced V. coralliilyticus strains from different geographical origins. Toxic proteins such as cytolysin/hemolysin and extracellular metalloprotease genes were encoded on Chr I and Chr II of SNUTY-1. These data facilitate the control of V. coralliilyticus infections in aquaculture by providing valuable insights into the biodiversity of this organism and valuable information for the study of virulence factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030206
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 4
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    Genetic Characterization and Pathological Analysis of a Novel Bacterial Pathogen, Pseudomonas tructae, in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 7, No. 10 ( 2019-10-10), p. 432-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 10 ( 2019-10-10), p. 432-
    Abstract: Pseudomonas species are one of the most prevalent bacterial species globally distributed in forest soil, river water, and human or animal skin. Some species are pathogens or opportunistic pathogens in hospitalized patients, animals, and plants. Various Pseudomonas species, including Pseudomonas putida, P. plecoglossicida, P. aeruginosa, and P. fluorescens, are known fish pathogens; P. fluorescens and P. putida cause severe losses in rainbow trout farming. Therefore, we investigated and isolated the pathogen that is responsible for mortality in a rainbow trout farm in Korea. The isolated bacterium was a strain of P. tructae, which was recently classified in the P. putida group. We performed taxonomical analysis of the bacteria in our previous study. In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and clinical symptoms of P. tructae and analyzed its genomic characteristics. The pathogenicity of the strain was tested via challenge experiments in healthy rainbow trout and histopathologic analysis of the infected fish. Genome sequence was analyzed to identify the bacterial genes that are involved in antibiotic resistance and virulence. This is the first study reporting P. tructae as an emerging pathogen that is responsible for mortality in rainbow trout fisheries and providing the genome sequence of P. tructae.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100432
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 5
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    Cerebellar White Matter Abnormalities in Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease: A Combined Volumetry and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-10-26), p. 4945-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2021-10-26), p. 4945-
    Abstract: Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetically heterogeneous hereditary peripheral neuropathy. Brain volumetry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed in 47 controls and 47 CMT patients with PMP22 duplication (n = 10), MFN2 (n = 15), GJB1 (n = 11), or NEFL mutations (n = 11) to investigate for structural changes in the cerebellum. Volume of cerebellar white matter (WM) was significantly reduced in CMT patients with NEFL mutations. Abnormal DTI findings were observed in the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles, predominantly in NEFL mutations and partly in GJB1 mutations. Cerebellar ataxia was more prevalent in the NEFL mutation group (72.7%) than the GJB1 mutation group (9.1%) but was not observed in other genotypic subtypes, which indicates that structural cerebellar abnormalities were associated with the presence of cerebellar ataxia. However, NEFL and GJB1 mutations did not affect cerebellar gray matter (GM), and neither cerebellar GM nor WM abnormalities were observed in the PMP22 duplication or MFN2 mutation groups. We found structural evidence of cerebellar WM abnormalities in CMT patients with NEFL and GJB1 mutations and an association between cerebellar WM involvement and cerebellar ataxia in these genetic subtypes, especially in the NEFL subgroup. Therefore, we suggest that neuroimaging, such as MRI volumetry or DTI, for CMT patients could play an important role in detecting abnormalities of cerebellar WM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214945
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 6
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    Emergence of Rickettsial Infection in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fry Displaying the Appearance of Red Mark Syndrome in Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 7, No. 9 ( 2019-08-29), p. 302-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 9 ( 2019-08-29), p. 302-
    Abstract: Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a fish disease caused by the infection of Rickettsial agents, especially affecting rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The disease is prevalent in many countries in Europe (France, Switzerland, Italy, and Slovenia), South America (Chile), North America (USA), and even Asia (Japan). However, it has not been reported in Korean aquaculture. In February 2019, rainbow trout presenting red spot lesions with swollen features on the lateral side of their body were observed at a hatchery in Korea. Fishes showing those clinical signs were fry weighing 25 ± 5 g. Moreover, the fish showing the red spot lesions were found dead, which suggests an outbreak of a mortality-causing disease. The symptoms were similar to those of RMS, and we identified the presence of Rickettsia-like organisms associated with this disease using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, histopathologic examination, and transmission electron microscopy. The distinct features of this infection, compared to that in previous reports, were that RMS occurred in small-sized fish and accompanied mortality. Additionally, the presence of the Rickettsia agent was accompanied with outbreak of the disease. Therefore, this is the first report of RMS outbreak in rainbow trout fisheries in Korea.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090302
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 7
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    A Case of Mortality Caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in Wild-Caught Red-Eyed Crocodile Skinks (Tribolonotus gracilis)
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2019-12-29), p. 4-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2019-12-29), p. 4-
    Abstract: Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in aquatic environments, is pathogenic to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. In human medicine, the clinical symptoms of aeromonad infection include not only gastroenteritis but also extraintestinal infections, such as wounds, cellulitis, and septicemia, in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. In this study, ten red-eyed crocodile skinks (Tribolonotus gracilis) that shared the same space were found dead 7 days after being shipped from Indonesia. The necropsy revealed A. hydrophila to be the causative agent, and the isolates were susceptible to most antibiotics, based on an antimicrobial susceptibility test. Seven virulence factors (act, ast, alt, aerA, fla, gcaT, and ahyB) considered to be associated with virulence were detected by PCR. Microscopic examination revealed several necrotic lesions and melano-macrophage centers in the tissue slides. Reptiles caught in the wild for trade experience captivity stress. Furthermore, in the winter, reptiles are easily exposed to the cold atmosphere. These stresses can negatively impact the immunity of these ectotherms, making them vulnerable to A. hydrophila infections. Therefore, to avoid such opportunistic infections and mortality following exposure to severe stress, medical care is recommended. The studies of alternatives, such as bacteriophage and bacteriocin, are needed for a preventive application.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010004
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 8
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    Staphylococcus xylosus Infection in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) As a Primary Pathogenic Cause of Eye Protrusion and Mortality
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 7, No. 9 ( 2019-09-07), p. 330-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 9 ( 2019-09-07), p. 330-
    Abstract: Staphylococcal infections are extensively investigated in humans owing to the resistance of staphylococci to diverse antibiotics commonly used in hospitals. The resistance mechanism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has garnered the interest of researchers due to its risk to the global public health. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of staphylococci has led to increased interest in their transmission mechanism via food, livestock, as well as domestic and wild animals. Although fish are globally consumed, there are only few studies on the potential threat of staphylococcal infection in aquatic animals. In this study, we present the first description of Staphylococcus xylosus infection and its pathogenicity in rainbow trout, which resulted in fish mortality and economic losses in trout fisheries. We focused on the pathogenic role of the bacterium and its influence on rainbow trout based on the clinical symptoms in the eyes. Staphylococcus xylosus infection induced exophthalmia and disrupted the primary immune barrier, which increased the possibility of other secondary bacterial infections in fish under poor conditions, resulting in continuous mortality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090330
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 9
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    Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strain SNU1 Isolated in Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2019-10-21), p. 200-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2019-10-21), p. 200-
    Abstract: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), one of the most important pathogenic fish viruses, affects trout fisheries and causes considerable economic losses. Currently, in Korea, more studies on IHNV infection are being reported. However, relatively less data is available on Korean isolates than on those from other countries. Few studies have focused on gene sequence analyses of IHNV glycoprotein (G) gene and almost none have focused on other gene fragments. Therefore, considering the dearth of adequate phylogenetic and genomic studies on Korean IHNV strains because of the lack of data, our study aimed to provide sufficient relevant data by sequencing the complete genome of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was recently isolated from a Korean rainbow trout farm. Moreover, we focused on expanding the perspectives on the phylogenesis of IHNV isolates from Korea and other Asian countries. IHNV was isolated from pooled hematopoietic tissue samples using Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, and phylogenetic analysis and genome study were conducted using complete G, N, and nonvirion (NV) gene sequences. Our main achievements were the development of a phylogenetic analytical method based on the NV gene and complete genome sequence analysis of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was compared with other Asian isolate sequences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040200
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 10
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    Janthinobacterium lividum as An Emerging Pathogenic Bacterium Affecting Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fisheries in Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2019-09-11), p. 146-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2019-09-11), p. 146-
    Abstract: Janthinobacterium spp. are normally considered non-pathogenic, and few pathogenesis-related studies have been reported. Here, we report the first isolation of Janthinobacterium lividum in Korea as a pathogenic bacterium infecting rainbow trout. Mass mortality was observed at one rainbow trout hatchery, and dead fish were necropsied. Gram-negative, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria that grew on Cytophaga agar were isolated. A specific violet pigmentation was observed after 7 days of cultivation, and the species were characterized on the basis of the analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Because no research has focused so far on the pathogenicity of these bacteria, our study was directed to their pathogenic role based on infection-induced histopathology. Examination of stained tissue sections revealed severe renal bacteraemia and tubule degeneration. Other tissue sections, including sections from the liver and the spleen, were relatively clear. The measured half-maximal lethal dose (LD50) was approximately 3 × 105 colony-forming units/fish, suggesting that this bacterium may be an opportunistic pathogen in rainbow trout fisheries. Since the bacterium commonly dwells in soil and most water for rainbow trout fisheries in Korea is supplied from ground water, the bacteria may naturally flow into the aquatic environment. Therefore, recognition of any pathogenic role of J. lividum is important for the prevention of disease in aquaculture.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030146
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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