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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Critical Role of Non-Halogenated Solvent Additives in Eco-Friendly and Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Polymers Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 1354-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 1354-
    Abstract: Organic solar cells (OSCs) demonstrating high power conversion efficiencies have been mostly fabricated using halogenated solvents, which are highly toxic and harmful to humans and the environment. Recently, non-halogenated solvents have emerged as a potential alternative. However, there has been limited success in attaining an optimal morphology when non-halogenated solvents (typically o-xylene (XY)) were used. To address this issue, we studied the dependence of the photovoltaic properties of all-polymer solar cells (APSCs) on various high-boiling-point non-halogenated additives. We synthesized PTB7-Th and PNDI2HD-T polymers that are soluble in XY and fabricated PTB7-Th:PNDI2HD-T-based APSCs using XY with five additives: 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (TMB), indane (IN), tetralin (TN), diphenyl ether (DPE), and dibenzyl ether (DBE). The photovoltaic performance was determined in the following order: XY + IN 〈 XY + TMB 〈 XY + DBE ≤ XY only 〈 XY + DPE 〈 XY + TN. Interestingly, all APSCs processed with an XY solvent system had better photovoltaic properties than APSCs processed with chloroform solution containing 1,8-diiodooctane (CF + DIO). The key reasons for these differences were unraveled using transient photovoltage and two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction experiments. The charge lifetimes of APSCs based on XY + TN and XY + DPE were the longest, and their long lifetime was strongly associated with the polymer blend film morphology; the polymer domain sizes were in the nanoscale range, and the blend film surfaces were smoother, as the PTB7-Th polymer domains assumed an untangled, evenly distributed, and internetworked morphology. Our results demonstrate that the use of an additive with an optimal boiling point facilitates the development of polymer blends with a favorable morphology and can contribute to the widespread use of eco-friendly APSCs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym15061354
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 2
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    Vertically-Oriented WS2 Nanosheets with a Few Layers and Its Raman Enhancements
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-09-16), p. 1847-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-09-16), p. 1847-
    Abstract: Vertically-oriented two-dimensional (2D) tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets were successfully grown on a Si substrate at a temperature range between and 550 °C via the direct chemical reaction between WCl6 and S in the gas phase. The growth process was carefully optimized by adjusting temperature, the locations of reactants and substrate, and carrier gas flow. Additionally, vertically-oriented 2D WS2 nanosheets with a few layers were tested as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for detecting rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules where enhancement occurs from chemical enhancement by charge transfer transition from semiconductor). Raman spectra of R6G molecules adsorbed on vertically-oriented 2D WS2 nanosheets exhibited strong Raman enhancement effects up to 9.2 times greater than that on the exfoliated WS2 monolayer flake sample. From our results, we suggest that the WS2 nanosheets can be an effective surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for detecting target molecules.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano10091847
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 3
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    Constitutive Activation and Inactivation of Mutations Inducing Cell Surface Loss of Receptor and Impairing of Signal Transduction of Agonist-Stimulated Eel Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 19 ( 2020-09-25), p. 7075-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 19 ( 2020-09-25), p. 7075-
    Abstract: In the present study, we investigated the signal transduction of mutants of the eel follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (eelFSHR). Specifically, we examined the constitutively activating mutant D540G in the third intracellular loop, and four inactivating mutants (A193V, N195I, R546C, and A548V). To directly assess functional effects, we conducted site-directed mutagenesis to generate mutant receptors. We measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation via homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and investigated cell surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The cells expressing eelFSHR-D540G exhibited a 23-fold increase in the basal cAMP response without agonist treatment. The cells expressing A193V, N195I, and A548V mutants had completely impaired signal transduction, whereas those expressing the R546C mutant exhibited little increase in cAMP responsiveness and a small increase in signal transduction. Cell surface receptor loss in the cells expressing inactivating mutants A193V, R546C, and A548V was clearly slower than in the cell expressing the wild-type eelFSHR. However, cell surface receptor loss in the cells expressing inactivating mutant N195I decreased in a similar manner to that of the cells expressing the wild-type eelFSHR or the activating mutant D540G, despite the completely impaired cAMP response. These results provide important information regarding the structure–function relationships of G protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197075
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 4
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    An Efficient Electrochemical Sensor Driven by Hierarchical Hetero-Nanostructures Consisting of RuO2 Nanorods on WO3 Nanofibers for Detecting Biologically Relevant Molecules
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sensors Vol. 19, No. 15 ( 2019-07-26), p. 3295-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 15 ( 2019-07-26), p. 3295-
    Abstract: By means of electrospinning with the thermal annealing process, we investigate a highly efficient sensing platform driven by a hierarchical hetero-nanostructure for the sensitive detection of biologically relevant molecules, consisting of single crystalline ruthenium dioxide nanorods (RuO2 NRs) directly grown on the surface of electrospun tungsten trioxide nanofibers (WO3 NFs). Electrochemical measurements reveal the enhanced electron transfer kinetics at the prepared RuO2 NRs-WO3 NFs hetero-nanostructures due to the incorporation of conductive RuO2 NRs nanostructures with a high surface area, resulting in improved relevant electrochemical sensing performances for detecting H2O2 and L-ascorbic acid with high sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s19153295
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 5
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    Specific Signal Transduction of Constitutively Activating (D576G) and Inactivating (R476H) Mutants of Agonist-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone Receptor in Eel
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 11 ( 2023-05-23), p. 9133-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 11 ( 2023-05-23), p. 9133-
    Abstract: We investigated the mechanism of signal transduction using inactivating (R476H) and activating (D576G) mutants of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) of eel at the conserved regions of intracellular loops II and III, respectively, naturally occurring in mammalian LHR. The expression of D576G and R476H mutants was approximately 58% and 59%, respectively, on the cell surface compared to those of eel LHR-wild type (wt). In eel LHR-wt, cAMP production increased upon agonist stimulation. Cells expressing eel LHR-D576G, a highly conserved aspartic acid residue, exhibited a 5.8-fold increase in basal cAMP response; however, the maximal cAMP response by high-agonist stimulation was approximately 0.62-fold. Mutation of a highly conserved arginine residue in the second intracellular loop of eel LHR (LHR-R476H) completely impaired the cAMP response. The rate of loss in cell-surface expression of eel LHR-wt and D576G mutant was similar to the agonist recombinant (rec)-eel LH after 30 min. However, the mutants presented rates of loss higher than eel LHR-wt did upon rec-eCG treatment. Therefore, the activating mutant constitutively induced cAMP signaling. The inactivating mutation resulted in the loss of LHR expression on the cell surface and no cAMP signaling. These data provide valuable information regarding the structure–function relationship of LHR–LH complexes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119133
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 6
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    The N-Linked Glycosylation Site N191 Is Necessary for PKA Signal Transduction in Eel Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-10-24), p. 12792-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 21 ( 2022-10-24), p. 12792-
    Abstract: The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) contains several N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular region. We conducted the present study to determine whether conserved glycosylated sites in eel FSHR are necessary for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction. We used site-directed mutagenesis to induce four mutations (N120Q, N191Q, N272Q, and N288Q) in the N-linked glycosylation sites of eel FSHR. In the eel FSHR wild-type (wt), the cAMP response was gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner (0.01–1500 ng/mL), displaying a high response (approximately 57.5 nM/104 cells) at the Rmax level. Three mutants (N120Q, N272Q, and N288Q) showed a considerably decreased signal transduction as a result of high-ligand treatment, whereas one mutant (N191Q) exhibited a completely impaired signal transduction. The expression level of the N191Q mutant was only 9.2% relative to that of the eel FSHR-wt, indicating a negligible expression level. The expression levels of the N120Q and N272Q mutants were approximately 35.9% and 24% of the FSHG-wt, respectively. The N288Q mutant had an expression level similar to that of the eel FSHR-wt, despite the mostly impaired cAMP responsiveness. The loss of the cell surface agonist-receptor complexes was very rapid in the cells expressing eel FSHR-wt and FSHR-N288Q mutants. Specifically, the N191Q mutant was completely impaired by the loss of cell surface receptors, despite treatment with a high concentration of the agonist. Therefore, we suggest that the N191 site is necessary for cAMP signal transduction. This finding implies that the cAMP response, mediated by G proteins, is directly related to the loss of cell surface receptors as a result of high-agonist treatment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112792
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 7
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    Constitutively Activating Mutants of Equine LH/CGR Constitutively Induce Signal Transduction and Inactivating Mutations Impair Biological Activity and Cell-Surface Receptor Loss In Vitro
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 19 ( 2021-10-03), p. 10723-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 19 ( 2021-10-03), p. 10723-
    Abstract: The signal transduction of the equine lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (eLH/CGR) is unclear in naturally occurring activating/inactivating mutants of this receptor, which plays an important role in reproductive physiology. We undertook the present study to determine whether conserved structurally related mutations in eLH/CGR exhibit similar mechanisms of signal transduction. We constructed four constitutively activating mutants (M398T, L457R, D564G, and D578Y) and three inactivating mutants (D405N, R464H, and Y546F); measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation via homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells; and investigated cell-surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The eLH/CGR-L457R-, -D564G-, and -D578Y-expressing cells exhibited 16.9-, 16.4-, and 11.2-fold increases in basal cAMP response, respectively. The eLH/CGR-D405N- and R464H-expressing cells presented a completely impaired signal transduction, whereas the Y546F-expressing cells exhibited a small increase in cAMP response. The cell-surface receptor loss was 1.4- to 2.4-fold greater in the activating-mutant-expressing cells than in wild-type eLH/CGR-expressing cells, but was completely impaired in the D405N- and Y546F-expressing cells, despite treatment with a high concentration of agonist. In summary, the state of activation of eLH/CGR influenced agonist-induced cell-surface receptor loss, which was directly related to the signal transduction of constitutively activating mutants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910723
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Predictors of the Development of Mental Disorders in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients without Previous Psychiatric History: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in South Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2022-01-19), p. 1092-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2022-01-19), p. 1092-
    Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the predictors for new-onset mental disorders among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 illness during hospitalization. A retrospective cohort study was performed in patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a nationally designated hospital between 1 February and 30 June 2020. Demographic, clinical, psychological assessments, and psychiatric outcomes were obtained from electronic medical record review. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of new-onset mental disorders. Among 185 patients, 130 had no history of mental disorders or cognitive impairment at the time of admission. Of 130 patients, 29 (22.3%) were newly diagnosed with mental disorders during hospitalization. The following factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of a psychiatric diagnosis: Charlson comorbidity index core ≥1 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 5.115, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.737–15.058), length of stay (aOR per 1-day increase = 1.067, 95% CI: 1.035–1.100), and self-reported depressive symptoms at the time of admission (aOR = 5.357, 95% CI: 1.745–16.444). The predictive accuracy of combining these risk factors was relatively high (area under curve = 0.851, 95% CI: 0.778–0.923). These potential risk factors could help to predict the new-onset mental disorder among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031092
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 9
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    Combined Treatment of Mori folium and Mori Cortex Radicis Ameliorate Obesity in Mice via UCP-1 in Brown Adipocytes
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2023-08-24), p. 3713-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2023-08-24), p. 3713-
    Abstract: Mori Folium (Morus alba leaf, MF) and Mori Cortex Radicis (Morus alba root cortex, MR) have been studied for their anti-obesity effects by enhancing the browning process and inhibiting adipogenesis. However, important aspects of their protective mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated, which could aid in developing functional food. Thus, this study aims to determine the synergistic effects of MF and MR against obesity and its associated mechanisms. In an in vitro cell culture model of brown adipocytes, a 1:1 mixture of MF and MR showed a synergistic effect on the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes, including Ucp-1, Ppargc1a, Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator (Cited), Prdm16, Tbx1, and Fgf21 compared with either MF- or MR-treated conditions. Moreover, they demonstrated the involvement of cAMP and Ca2+ in induction of brown adipocyte-specific genes. In an in vivo model using HFD-fed mice, MF/MR significantly inhibited weight gain, plasma cholesterol, LDL, TG content, fat mass, and adipocyte size. Furthermore, MF/MR inhibited morphological alteration and the expressions of fatty acid synthesis genes such as Srebp1 and Fasn in the white adipose tissue. Thermogenesis genes were recovered in the brown adipose tissue with MF/MR supplementation, indicating that MF/MR regulated adipocytic dysmetabolism where AMPK signaling is involved. In conclusion, these results suggested that MF/MR regulates brown and beige adipocyte processes, providing one of the preventive functional food/herbal medicines against obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu15173713
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 10
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    Development of a Multidisciplinary Aerodigestive Program: An Institutional Experience
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Children Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2021-06-23), p. 535-
    Details
    In: Children, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2021-06-23), p. 535-
    Abstract: We share our experience on the implementation of a multidisciplinary aerodigestive program comprising an aerodigestive team (ADT) so as to evaluate its feasibility. We performed a retrospective chart review of the patients discussed at the monthly ADT meetings and analyzed the data. A total of 98 children were referred to the ADT during the study period. The number of cases increased steadily from 3.5 cases per month in 2019 to 8.5 cases per month in 2020. The median age of patients was 34.5 months, and 55% were male. Among the chronic comorbidities, neurologic disease was the most common (85%), followed by respiratory (36%) and cardiac (13%) disorders. The common reasons for consultation were suspected aspiration (56%), respiratory difficulty (44%), drooling/stertor (30%), regurgitation/vomiting (18%), and feeding/swallowing difficulty (17%). Following discussions, 58 patients received active interventions, including fundoplication, gastrostomy, laryngomicrosurgery, tracheostomy, and primary dilatation of the airway. According to the questionnaire of the caregiver, the majority agreed that the main symptoms and quality of life of patients had improved (88%), reducing the burden on caregivers (77%). Aerodigestive programs may provide comprehensive and multidisciplinary management for children with complex airway and digestive tract disorders.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/children8070535
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2732685-8
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