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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Emphysema Quantification Using Ultra-Low-Dose Chest CT: Efficacy of Deep Learning-Based Image Reconstruction
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Medicina Vol. 58, No. 7 ( 2022-07-15), p. 939-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 58, No. 7 ( 2022-07-15), p. 939-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives: Although reducing the radiation dose level is important during diagnostic computed tomography (CT) applications, effective image quality enhancement strategies are crucial to compensate for the degradation that is caused by a dose reduction. We performed this prospective study to quantify emphysema on ultra-low-dose CT images that were reconstructed using deep learning-based image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithms, and compared and evaluated the accuracies of DLIR algorithms versus standard-dose CT. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 patients were prospectively enrolled, and all underwent standard-dose and ultra-low-dose (120 kVp; CTDIvol 〈 0.7 mGy) chest CT scans at the same time in a single examination. A total of six image datasets (filtered back projection (FBP) for standard-dose CT, and FBP, adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR-V) 50%, DLIR-low, DLIR-medium, DLIR-high for ultra-low-dose CT) were reconstructed for each patient. Image noise values, emphysema indices, total lung volumes, and mean lung attenuations were measured in the six image datasets and compared (one-way repeated measures ANOVA). Results: The mean effective doses for standard-dose and ultra-low-dose CT scans were 3.43 ± 0.57 mSv and 0.39 ± 0.03 mSv, respectively (p 〈 0.001). The total lung volume and mean lung attenuation of five image datasets of ultra-low-dose CT scans, emphysema indices of ultra-low-dose CT scans reconstructed using ASIR-V 50 or DLIR-low, and the image noise of ultra-low-dose CT scans that were reconstructed using DLIR-low were not different from those of standard-dose CT scans. Conclusions: Ultra-low-dose CT images that were reconstructed using DLIR-low were found to be useful for emphysema quantification at a radiation dose of only 11% of that required for standard-dose CT.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070939
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088820-X
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Treatment Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Yeungnam Region: A Multicenter Retrospective Study of the Study Alliance of Yeungnam Pediatric Hematology–Oncology (SAYPH)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Children Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2021-02-05), p. 109-
    Details
    In: Children, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2021-02-05), p. 109-
    Abstract: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the second most common pediatric leukemia, with a survival rate of 70%. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the treatment outcomes of pediatric AML among 144 patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2013. After induction, 80.6% of patients achieved complete remission (CR). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates were 58.8 ± 4.2% and 49.8 ± 4.2%, respectively. Based on the response to induction therapy, the 5-year OS was 66.9 ± 5.7% in patients with CR (p 〈 0.001). Ninety-nine patients with CR after induction therapy were examined, and their 5-year OS and EFS were 66.4 ± 4.9% and 56.3 ± 5.1%, respectively. The 5-year OS rates according to treatment were 59.9 ± 7.4% in the chemotherapy group and 72.3 ± 6.3% in the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) group (p = 0.089). The EFS was 50.1 ± 7.4% in the chemotherapy group and 61.7 ± 6.9% in the HSCT group (p = 0.098). OS and EFS according to cytogenetics were insignificant. Our findings confirmed that the response to induction treatment was important for survival and HSCT had no significant survival benefits compared with those of chemotherapy. Moreover, many early induction deaths under the age of 2 years were observed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/children8020109
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2732685-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hardening Properties of Cheeses by Latilactobacillus curvatus PD1 Isolated from Hardened Cheese-Ddukbokki Rice Cake
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-05-12), p. 1044-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-05-12), p. 1044-
    Abstract: Hardening of cheese is one of major issues that degrade the quality of Home Meal Replacement (HMR) foods containing cheese such as Cheese-ddukbokki rice cake (CD, stir-fried rice cakes with shredded cheese). The quality of cheese, such as pH, proteolytic, and flavor properties, depends on various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in cheese fermentation. The hardening of cheese is also caused by LAB. In this study, various LAB strains were isolated from CD samples that showed rapid hardening. The correlation of LAB with the hardening of cheese was investigated. Seven of the CD samples with different manufacturing dates were collected and tested for hardening properties of cheese. Among them, strong-hardening of cheese was confirmed for two samples and weak-hardening was confirmed for one sample. All LAB in two strong-hardening samples and 40% of LAB in one weak-hardening sample were identified as Latilactobacilluscurvatus. On the other hand, most LAB in normal cheese samples were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus casei. We prepared cheese samples in which L. curvatus (LC-CD) and L. mesenteroides (LM-CD) were most dominant, respectively. Each CD made of the prepared cheese was subjected to quality test for 50 days at 10 °C. Hardening of cheese with LC-CD dominant appeared at 30 days. However, hardening of cheese with LM-CD dominant did not appear until 50 days. The pH of the LC-CD was 5.18 ± 0.04 at 30 days, lower than that of LM-CD. The proteolytic activity of LC-CD sample was 2993.67 ± 246.17 units/g, higher than that of LM-CD sample (1421.67 ± 174.5 units/g). These results indicate that high acid production and high protease activity of L. curvatus might have caused hardening of cheese.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051044
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cytotoxicity, Uptake Behaviors, and Oral Absorption of Food Grade Calcium Carbonate Nanomaterials
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 5, No. 4 ( 2015-11-10), p. 1938-1954
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 5, No. 4 ( 2015-11-10), p. 1938-1954
    Abstract: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in human body and essential for the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth as well as diverse cellular functions. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is widely used as a dietary supplement; however, oral absorption efficiency of CaCO3 is extremely low, which may be overcome by applying nano-sized materials. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of food grade nano CaCO3 in comparison with that of bulk- or reagent grade nano CaCO3 in terms of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intestinal transport, and oral absorption. Cytotoxicity results demonstrated that nano-sized CaCO3 particles were slightly more toxic than bulk materials in terms of oxidative stress and membrane damage. Cellular uptake behaviors of CaCO3 nanoparticles were different from bulk CaCO3 or Ca2+ ions in human intestinal epithelial cells, showing efficient cellular internalization and elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels. Meanwhile, CaCO3 nanoparticles were efficiently transported by microfold (M) cells in vitro model of human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium, in a similar manner as Ca2+ ions did. Biokinetic study revealed that the biological fate of CaCO3 particles was different from Ca2+ ions; however, in vivo, its oral absorption was not significantly affected by particle size. These findings provide crucial information to understand and predict potential toxicity and oral absorption efficiency of food grade nanoparticles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano5041938
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancement of Virus Infection Using Dynamic Cell Culture in a Microchannel
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2018-09-21), p. 482-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2018-09-21), p. 482-
    Abstract: With increasing interest in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the field of stem cell research, highly efficient infection of somatic cells with virus factors is gaining importance. This paper presents a method of employing microfluidic devices for dynamic cell culture and virus infection in a microchannel. The closed space in the microchannel provided a better environment for viruses to diffuse and contact cell surfaces to infect cells. The microfluidic devices were fabricated by photolithography and soft lithography. NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells were cultured in the microfluidic device in static and dynamic conditions and compared with the conventional culture method of using Petri dishes. Virus infection was evaluated using an enhanced green fluorescent protein virus as a model. Dynamic culture in the microchannel showed similar growth of cells to that in Petri dish culture, but the virus infection efficiency was four-times higher. The proposed dynamic culture system could be useful in iPSC research by providing efficient virus infection tools.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi9100482
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Imaging Characterization of Non-Rheumatoid Retro-Odontoid Pseudotumors: Comparison with Atlantoaxial Manifestation of Rheumatoid Arthritis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Medicina Vol. 58, No. 9 ( 2022-09-19), p. 1307-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 58, No. 9 ( 2022-09-19), p. 1307-
    Abstract: Backgroundand Objectives: To date, imaging characterization of non-rheumatic retro-odontoid pseudotumors (NRROPs) has been lacking; therefore, NRROPs have been confused with atlantoaxial joint involvement of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is important to differentiate these two disease because the treatment strategies may differ. The purpose of this study is to characterize imaging findings of NRROPs and compare them with those of RA. Material and Methods: From January 2015 to December 2019, 27 patients (14 women and 13 men) with NRROPs and 19 patients (15 women and 4 men) with RA were enrolled in this study. We evaluated various imaging findings, including atlantoaxial instability (AAI), and measured the maximum diameter of preodontoid and retro-odontoid spaces with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Results: Statistical significance was considered for p 〈 0.05. AAI was detected in eight patients with NRROPs and in all patients with RA (p 〈 0.0001). Seventeen patients with NRROPs and six patients with RA showed spinal cord compression (p = 0.047). Compressive myelopathy was observed in 14 patients with NRROPs and in 4 patients with RA (p = 0.048). Subaxial degeneration was observed in 25 patients with NRROPs and in 9 patients with RA (p = 0.001). Moreover, C2-3 disc abnormalities were observed in 11 patients with NRROPs and in 2 patients with RA (p = 0.02). Axial and longitudinal diameter of retro-odontoid soft tissue and preodontoid and retro-odontoid spaces showed significant differences between NRROP and RA patients (p 〈 0.0001). Furthermore, CT AAI measurements were differed significantly between NRROP and RA patients (p 〈 0.05). Conclusions: NRROPs showed prominent retro-odontoid soft tissue thickening, causing compressive myelopathy and a high frequency of subaxial and C2-3 degeneration without AAI.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091307
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policy for Office Building Design in South Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2019-12-14), p. 7172-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2019-12-14), p. 7172-
    Abstract: This paper examines the effectiveness of South Korea’s policy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in office buildings and evaluates if national targets can be met. A sample of office buildings was categorized into two groups—conventional (Group A) and new (Group B)—based on when their construction was approved. Furthermore, data regarding the three design elements of the building envelope, that is building form, window systems, and U-values were collected. By statistically processing data of each element, reference building models were developed and a case study was conducted for each building. Design changes that were incorporated, keeping in mind the GHG reduction policy, showed 13.1% of saving energy in case 8 (reference building of Group B) than case 1 (reference building of Group A). The savings in case 8 were more than the average GHG reduction rate (12.8%) compared to business as usual (BAU). However, case 4 (a conventional (Group A) building form with new (Group B) window systems and U-values) achieved the greatest savings in building loads. The policy to enhance insulation in new buildings to reduce GHG emissions in the building sector has prompted changes in building forms and window systems and has reduced emissions by 10%, that is 3% more than the expected value. Thus, new innovations in building envelope design could achieve an average 12.8% reduction in emissions in buildings.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su11247172
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Usefulness of Contrast-Enhanced CT in a Patient with Acute Phlegmonous Esophagitis: A Case Report and Literature Review
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Medicina Vol. 58, No. 7 ( 2022-06-28), p. 864-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 58, No. 7 ( 2022-06-28), p. 864-
    Abstract: Acute phlegmonous esophagitis is a very rare, life-threatening form of esophagitis, characterized by diffuse bacterial infection and pus formation within the submucosal and muscularis layers of the esophagus. We describe a case in which contrast-enhanced chest CT was useful for evaluating the severity of phlegmonous esophagitis, which was overlooked and underestimated by endoscopy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070864
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Characteristics and Absorption Rate of Whey Protein Hydrolysates Prepared Using Flavourzyme after Treatment with Alcalase and Protamex
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Molecules Vol. 28, No. 24 ( 2023-12-06), p. 7969-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 28, No. 24 ( 2023-12-06), p. 7969-
    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of whey protein hydrolysate and determine changes in absorption rate due to enzymatic hydrolysis. The molecular weight distribution analysis of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and low-molecule whey protein hydrolysate (LMWPH) using the Superdex G-75 column revealed that LMWPH is composed of peptides smaller than those in WPC. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated differences in peak positions between WPC and LMWPH, suggesting hydrolysis-mediated changes in secondary structures. Moreover, LMWPH exhibited higher thermal stability and faster intestinal permeation than WPC. Additionally, oral LMWPH administration increased serum protein content at 20 min, whereas WPC gradually increased serum protein content after 40 min. Although the total amount of WPC and LMWPH absorption was similar, LMWPH absorption rate was higher. Collectively, LMWPH, a hydrolysate of WPC, has distinct physicochemical properties and enhanced absorptive characteristics. Taken together, LMWPH is composed of low-molecular-weight peptides with low antigenicity and has improved absorption compared to WPC. Therefore, LMWPH can be used as a protein source with high bioavailability in the development of functional materials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247969
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Development of Stabilizing Solution for Long-Term Storage of Bacteriophages at Room Temperature and Application to Control Foodborne Pathogens
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Viruses Vol. 16, No. 7 ( 2024-07-17), p. 1155-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 7 ( 2024-07-17), p. 1155-
    Abstract: Bacteriophages (phages) have gained considerable attention as effective antimicrobial agents that infect and kill pathogenic bacteria. Based on this feature, phages have been increasingly used to achieve food safety. They are stored in a medium or buffer to ensure stability; however, they cannot be directly applied to food under these conditions due to reasons such as regulatory considerations and concerns about marketability. This study developed a stabilizing solution that allowed the maintenance of phage activity for extended periods at room temperature while being directly applicable to food. The stability of phages stored in distilled water was relatively low. However, adding a stabilizer composed of sugars and salts improved the survival rates of phages significantly, resulting in stability for up to 48 weeks at room temperature. When Escherichia coli O157:H7-contaminated vegetables were washed with tap water containing phages, the phages reduced the pathogenic E. coli count by over 90% compared with washing with tap water alone. Additionally, when pathogenic E. coli-contaminated vegetables were placed in a phage-coated container and exposed to water, the coating of the container dissolved, releasing phages and lysing the pathogenic E. coli. This led to a significant 90% reduction in pathogenic E. coli contamination compared to that after water rinsing. These results suggest an effective and economical method for maintaining phage activity and establishing the potential for commercialization through application in the food industry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v16071155
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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