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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Platycodon grandiflorum Root Protects against Aβ-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Pathology in Female Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2021-02-01), p. 207-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2021-02-01), p. 207-
    Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible cognitive dysfunction. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is an important pathological factor that triggers the progression of AD through accumulation and aggregation, which leads to AD-related pathologies that consequently affect cognitive functions. Interestingly, several studies have reported that Platycodon grandiflorum root extract (PGE), besides exhibiting other bioactive effects, displays neuroprotective, anti-neuroinflammatory, and cognitive-enhancing effects. However, to date, it is not clear whether PGE can affect AD-related cognitive dysfunction and pathogenesis. Therefore, to investigate whether PGE influences cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD, we conducted a Y-maze test using a 5XFAD mouse model. Oral administration of PGE for 3 weeks at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. Moreover, to elucidate the neurohistological mechanisms underlying the PGE-mediated alleviative effect on cognitive dysfunction, we performed histological analysis of hippocampal formation in these mice. Histopathological analysis showed that PGE significantly alleviated AD-related pathologies such as Aβ accumulation, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition, we observed a neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of PGE in mouse hippocampal neurons. Our findings suggest that administration of PGE might act as one of the therapeutic agents for AD by decreasing Aβ related pathology and ameliorating Aβ induced cognitive impairment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020207
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Crude Saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum Attenuates Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Signaling Pathways
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-09), p. 1968-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-09), p. 1968-
    Abstract: Although Platycodon grandiflorum saponins exhibit many beneficial biological effects in various diseases and conditions, how they protect nerve cells against neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is unknown. We investigated whether P. grandiflorum crude saponin (PGS) protects neurons from neurodegeneration caused by amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress. Hippocampal neuron HT-22 cells were used in the in vitro experiment, and AD mice (5XFAD mice) were used as the in vivo model. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was stained with DCF-DA and assessed using fluorescence microscopy. To elucidate the mechanism underlying neuroprotection, intracellular protein levels were assessed by western blotting. In 5XFAD mice, an animal model of AD, nerve damage recovery due to the induction of Aβ toxicity was evaluated by histological analysis. PGS attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting Aβ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, PGS upregulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulated NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. Additionally, PGS inhibited apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition, PGS ameliorated Aβ-mediated pathologies, leading to AD-associated cognitive decline. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that PGS inhibits Aβ accumulation in the subiculum and cerebral cortex and attenuates Aβ toxicity-induced nerve damage in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, PGS is a resource for developing AD therapeutics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121968
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sasa borealis Ethanol Extract Protects PC12 Neuronal Cells against Oxidative Stress
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-06-17), p. 6155-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-06-17), p. 6155-
    Abstract: The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative stress to biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, leading to neurodegenerative disorders. Sasa borealis (SB) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity effects. We evaluated the neuroprotective activity of SB on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. We investigated the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of SB water extract (SBW) and SB ethanol extract (SBE) by measuring the radical scavenging activities and intracellular ROS production. SBE, which had a high level of isoorientin, had higher antioxidative activities than SBW in 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. It also reduced ROS generation in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells more significantly than SBW. It increased the translation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) with a corresponding increase in the translation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2). In conclusion, SBE with high levels of phenolic compounds such as isoorientin shows promise for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12126155
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anti-Obesity Activity in 3T3-L1 Cells of Cornus officinalis Fruits Harvested at Different Times
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Processes Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2022-10-05), p. 2008-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2022-10-05), p. 2008-
    Abstract: Obesity, a metabolic disease linked to several other diseases, is emerging as a global problem. We determined the harvest time that maximized the anti-obesity effect by evaluating the inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells treated with fruits of Cornus officinalis. FS1 (pericarp + seeds, harvested 15 September) showed excellent anti-obesity activity (Oil Red O; 26.12 ± 1.37% vs. MDI) and inhibited the expression of PPAR-γ (0.05 ± 0.01 ford vs. MDI), C/EBPα (0.03 ± 0.02 ford vs. MDI), and C/EBPβ (0.33 ± 0.07 ford vs. MDI) at 200 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity of FS1 was also the most effective. In addition, FS1 contained higher levels of active ingredients than samples harvested in other periods. Especially, content of loganin, verbenalin, and sweroside was high. In terms of anti-obesity activity and functional components, immature COF (FS1) was the best, and these results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the harvest time, when used as an anti-obesity agent.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr10102008
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Formulation Factors and Oxygen Levels on the Stability of Aqueous Injectable Solution Containing Pemetrexed
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Pharmaceutics Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-01-06), p. 46-
    Details
    In: Pharmaceutics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-01-06), p. 46-
    Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various parameters at each control strategy in drug product degradation on the stability of pemetrexed in injectable aqueous solution. A forced degradation study confirmed that oxidation is the main mechanism responsible for the degradation of pemetrexed in aqueous solutions. As control strategies, the antioxidant levels, drug concentration, pH of the control formulation, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the control process, and headspace oxygen levels in the control packaging were varied, and their effects on the stability of pemetrexed were evaluated. Sodium sulfite was found to be particularly effective in preventing the color change, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had a significant effect in preventing chemical degradation. The sulfite and NAC were found to stabilize pemetrexed in the aqueous solution by acting as sacrificial reductants. A pH below 6 caused significant degradation. The stability of pemetrexed in the solution increased as the concentration of the drug increased from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. In addition, the DO levels in the solution were controlled by nitrogen purging, and the oxygen levels in headspace were controlled by nitrogen headspace, which also had significant positive effects in improving the stability of the pemetrexed solution; thus, it was confirmed that molecular oxygen is involved in the rate-limiting oxidation step. Based on these results obtained by observing the effects of various control strategies, the optimal formulation of an injectable solution of pemetrexed is suggested as follows: sodium sulfite at 0.06 mg/mL, as an antioxidant for prevention of color change; NAC at 1.63 mg/mL, as an antioxidant for prevention of chemical degradation; pH range 7–8; DO levels below 1 ppm; and headspace oxygen levels below 1%. In conclusion, it can be suggested that this study, which includes well-designed control strategies, can lead to a better understanding of the complex degradation mechanism of pemetrexed; thus, it can lead to the development of an injectable solution formulation of pemetrexed, with improved stability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4923
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010046
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527217-2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neuroprotective Effects of Coreopsis lanceolata Flower Extract against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells and Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2021-06-12), p. 951-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2021-06-12), p. 951-
    Abstract: Coreopsis lanceolata L. is a perennial plant of the family Asteraceae, and its flower is known to contain flavonoids with various bioactivities. We evaluated the effect of Coreopsis lanceolata L. flower (CLF) extracts on H2O2-induced oxidative stress (OS) in neuronal cells and mouse neurons. The flowering part of CL was used as CLF1 (70% ethanol extract) and CLF2 (water extract), and 10 types of phenolic compounds were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of CLF, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured, and the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and proteins related to OS-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells and mouse neurons treated with the extracts were investigated. In the in vitro study, CLF ameliorated H2O2-induced oxidative stress and induced the expression of antioxidant enzymes in PC12 cells. Furthermore, CLF1 enhanced the expression of the Bcl-xL protein but reduced the expression of Bax and the cleavage of caspase-3. In the same manner, CLF1 showed neuroprotective effects against OS in vivo. Pretreatment with CLF1 (200 mg/kg) increased the Bcl-2 protein and decreased Bax compared with the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-treated C57BL/6 mice model group. Our results suggest that the protective effects of CLF1 on MPP+-induced apoptosis may be due to its anti-apoptotic activity, through regulating the expression of the Bcl-2 family. CLF1 exerts neuroprotective effects against OS-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells in a Parkinson’s disease model mouse. This effect may be attributable to the upregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression, downregulation of Bax expression, and inhibition of caspase-3 activation. These data indicate that CLF may provide therapeutic value for the treatment of progressive neurodegenerative diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060951
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Heat Treatment Improves UV Photoprotective Effects of Licorice in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Processes Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2021-06-15), p. 1040-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2021-06-15), p. 1040-
    Abstract: External stimulation of the skin by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress or inflammation, causing skin aging and skin cancer. Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) has been used as a medicinal plant for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and hepatoprotective properties. The present study analyzed the effects of thermal processing on the bioactivities of licorice. Heat-treated licorice (HL) extracts had better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities than non-treated licorice (NL) extract. HL extracts also had higher total phenol contents than NL extract. In particular, contents of isoliquiritigenin, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance of licorice, increased in proportion to the skin-protection effects of HL extracts. Heat treatment increased the contents of phenolic compounds such as isoliquiritigenin in licorice extract, which improved the UV photoprotective effect of licorice in human dermal fibroblasts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr9061040
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Samnamul (Shoots of Aruncus dioicus) Inhibit Adipogenesis by Downregulating Adipocyte-Specific Transcription Factors in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Processes Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2020-11-29), p. 1576-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2020-11-29), p. 1576-
    Abstract: Adipocyte-specific transcription factors and antioxidants are considered the best target of obesity. Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (A. dioicus, Samnamul) is easily available owing to edible and inexpensive. However, the anti-adipogenic effects of the underlying mechanism of A. dioicus extract (ADE) have not yet been reported. In the present study, we evaluate anti-adipogenic pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, antioxidant activities and quantified phenolics using high-performance liquid chromatography of ADE. The results revealed ADE had reduced adipocyte differentiation (0.72-fold vs. MDI (media of differentiation) control), triglyceride (TG; 0.50-fold vs. MDI control, p 〈 0.001), and total cholesterol contents (0.77-fold vs. MDI control) by regulating adipocyte-specific transcription factors (C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP1) and their downstream mRNA (AdipoQ, Ap2, SREBP1-c, and FAS) levels. Furthermore, ADE has higher total phenol and flavonoid contents and scavenging assay in the DPPH and ABTS+. In particularly, ADE contains chlorogenic acid (7.04 mg/kg), caffeic acid (20.14 mg/kg), ferulic acid (1.74 mg/kg), veratric acid (29.31 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (4.70 mg/kg), and quercetin (4.18 mg/kg). In conclusion, since these phenols, especially quercetin, in the ADE appear to reduce differentiation, TG and cholesterol content by regulating adipocyte-specific transcription factors in adipocytes, ADE has the potential to be developed into a new antioxidant and anti-obesity therapeutics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr8121576
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Antioxidant and Anti-Obesity Potentials of Korean-Native Wild Vegetables (Allium species)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Horticulturae Vol. 7, No. 12 ( 2021-12-02), p. 541-
    Details
    In: Horticulturae, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 12 ( 2021-12-02), p. 541-
    Abstract: Four Korea-native wild vegetables belonging to the Allium genus (Allium tuberosum Rottl., Allium senescens L., Allium thunbergii G. Don., and Allium sacculiferum Maxim.) were investigated for their antioxidant and anti-obesity potential, in order to promote the utilization of wild edible plants for the development of potential new crops. In this study, we compared the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts by ABTS+ and DPPH scavenging method. We then compared the anti-adipogenic effects of the extracts in adipocytes. We quantified the phenolics in the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the bioactive compounds. A. tuberosum and A. sacculiferum had a higher total phenolic content (19.0 ± 0.3 and 19.6 ± 0.7 mg GA/g extract, respectively) than A. senescens and A. thunbergii (16.0 ± 0.2 and 14.5 ± 0.7 mg GA/g extract). Caffeic acid, an antioxidant and anti-adipogenic compound, was detected in A. tuberosum and A. sacculiferum, but not in A. senescens and A. thunbergii. A. tuberosum, and A. sacculiferum showed superior antioxidative and anti-adipogenic activities compared to A. senescens and A. thunbergii. Therefore, A. tuberosum and A. sacculiferum, both of which contain antioxidant and anti-adipogenic phenolics, such as caffeic acid, present a therapeutic potential against obesity. Various phenolic compounds, which have been found to differ among Allium spp., may partially account for differences among the Allium spp. with respect to their antioxidant and anti-obesity effects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-7524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120541
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813983-5
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-13), p. 7223-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-13), p. 7223-
    Abstract: Ginsenoside is the primary active substance of ginseng and has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, immune, regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, and antioxidant effects. It also protects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. This study analyzes the effects of thermal processing on the bioactivities of crude ginseng saponin. Heat treatment increased the contents of minor ginsenosides in crude saponins, such as Rg3, and heat-treated crude ginseng saponin (HGS) had better neuroprotective effects than non-treated crude saponin (NGS). HGS reduced glutamate-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, significantly more than NGS. HGS protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulating MAPK-mediated apoptotic signaling. HGS has the potential for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087223
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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