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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Molecules Vol. 24, No. 18 ( 2019-09-13), p. 3343-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 18 ( 2019-09-13), p. 3343-
    Abstract: Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183343
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 2
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    Should We Always Perform Preoperative Chest Computed Tomography in Patients with cT1a Renal Cell Carcinoma?
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2022-11-12), p. 5558-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2022-11-12), p. 5558-
    Abstract: No definitive criteria regarding the performance of preoperative chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with cT1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exists. We aimed to establish an objective standard for the optimal timing of preoperative chest CT in patients with RCC. Data from 890 patients who underwent surgical treatment for RCC between January 2011 and December 2020 were retrospectively collected. The primary endpoint was detection of lung metastasis on chest CT before nephrectomy. A multivariable logistic regression model predicting positive chest CT scans was used. Predictors included preoperative cTN stage, presence of systemic symptoms, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), platelet count/hemoglobin ratio, albumin/globulin ratio (AGR), and De Ritis ratio. The overall rate of positive chest CT scans before nephrectomy was 3.03% (27/890). Only one patient had lung metastasis before surgery for cT1a. cT stage (≥cT1b), CCI ≥4, and low AGR were associated with a higher risk of positive chest CT scans. The best cutoff value for AGR was 1.39. After 890-sample bootstrap validation, the concordance index was 0.80. The net benefit of the proposed strategy was superior to that of the select-all and select-none strategies according to decision curve analysis. Therefore, when chest CT scans were performed with a risk of a positive result ≥10%, 532 (59.8%) negative chest CT scans could be prevented. Only 24 (2.7%) potentially positive chest CT scans were misdiagnosed. Therefore, we recommend chest CT in patients with ≥cT1b disease, CCI ≥4, and low AGR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225558
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
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    Thermal Ablation and High-Resolution Imaging Using a Back-to-Back (BTB) Dual-Mode Ultrasonic Transducer: In Vivo Results
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sensors Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2021-02-24), p. 1580-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2021-02-24), p. 1580-
    Abstract: We present a back-to-back (BTB) structured, dual-mode ultrasonic device that incorporates a single-element 5.3 MHz transducer for high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment and a single-element 20.0 MHz transducer for high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound image-guided surgical systems have been developed for lesion monitoring to ensure that ultrasonic treatment is correctly administered at the right locations. In this study, we developed a dual-element transducer composed of two elements that share the same housing but work independently with a BTB structure, enabling a mode change between therapy and imaging via 180-degree mechanical rotation. The optic fibers were embedded in the HIFU focal region of ex vivo chicken breasts and the temperature change was measured. Images were obtained in vivo mice before and after treatment and compared to identify the treated region. We successfully acquired B-mode and C-scan images that display the hyperechoic region indicating coagulation necrosis in the HIFU-treated volume up to a depth of 10 mm. The compact BTB dual-mode ultrasonic transducer may be used for subcutaneous thermal ablation and monitoring, minimally invasive surgery, and other clinical applications, all with ultrasound only.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s21051580
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 4
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    A Low-Power Analog Processor-in-Memory-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Biosensor Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 12 ( 2022-06-16), p. 4555-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 12 ( 2022-06-16), p. 4555-
    Abstract: This paper presents an on-chip implementation of an analog processor-in-memory (PIM)-based convolutional neural network (CNN) in a biosensor. The operator was designed with low power to implement CNN as an on-chip device on the biosensor, which consists of plates of 32 × 32 material. In this paper, 10T SRAM-based analog PIM, which performs multiple and average (MAV) operations with multiplication and accumulation (MAC), is used as a filter to implement CNN at low power. PIM proceeds with MAV operations, with feature extraction as a filter, using an analog method. To prepare the input feature, an input matrix is formed by scanning a 32 × 32 biosensor based on a digital controller operating at 32 MHz frequency. Memory reuse techniques were applied to the analog SRAM filter, which is the core of low power implementation, and in order to accurately grasp the MAC operational efficiency and classification, we modeled and trained numerous input features based on biosignal data, confirming the classification. When the learned weight data was input, 19 mW of power was consumed during analog-based MAC operation. The implementation showed an energy efficiency of 5.38 TOPS/W and was differentiated through the implementation of 8 bits of high resolution in the 180 nm CMOS process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22124555
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 5
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    Protaetia Brevitarsis-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Reduces Obesity-Related Colitis Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 15 ( 2023-08-02), p. 12333-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 15 ( 2023-08-02), p. 12333-
    Abstract: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon. Obesity is closely related to the occurrence and progression of colitis. The most plausible mechanism linking obesity and colitis is an excessive adipogenesis-related inflammatory response, which causes mucosal dysfunction. Obesity and colitis are linked by several etiologic mechanisms, including excessive adipogenesis, lipotoxicity, pro-inflammatory adipokines/cytokines, macrophage polarization, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and gut microbiota. These low-grade enteric inflammations cause mucosal layer damage, especially goblet cell dysfunction through mucin 2 (MUC2) misfolding, ultimately leading to colitis. Inhibiting the inflammatory response can be the most effective approach for treating obesity-related colitis. We focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols in Protaectia brevitas larvae. The P. brevitas was prepared as a low molecular protein hydrolysate (PHPB) to increase the concentration of anti-inflammatory molecules. In the current study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of PHPB in an obesity-induced colitis mouse model. Compared with the high-fat diet (HFD) group, the group treated with PHPB exhibited reduced body/organ/fat weight, appetite/food intake inhibition, hypolipidemic effect on ectopic fat, and anti-adipogenic mechanism through the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we observed attenuated expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα, inhibition of pro-inflammatory molecules, stimulation of anti-inflammatory molecules, probiotic-like effect against obesogenic gut microbiota, inhibition of macrophage polarization into M1, suppression of oxidative/ER stress, and reduction of Muc2 protein misfolding in colon. These diverse anti-inflammatory responses caused histological and functional recovery of goblet cells, eventually improving colitis. Therefore, our findings suggest that the protein hydrolysate of Protaetia brevitarsis can improve obesity-related colitis through its anti-inflammatory activities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512333
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    PPARα Agonist, MHY3200, Alleviates Renal Inflammation during Aging via Regulating ROS/Akt/FoxO1 Signaling
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Molecules Vol. 26, No. 11 ( 2021-05-26), p. 3197-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 26, No. 11 ( 2021-05-26), p. 3197-
    Abstract: PPARα is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and its activation is known to play an important role in cell defense through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. MHY3200 (2-[4-(5-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenoxy] -2,2-difluoroacetic acid), a novel benzothiazole-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, is a synthesized PPARα activator. This study examined the beneficial effects of MHY3200 on age-associated alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Akt/forkhead box (FoxO) 1 signaling in rat kidneys. Young (7-month-old) and old (22-month-old) rats were treated with MHY3200 (1 mg/kg body weight/day or 3 mg/kg body weight/day) for two weeks. MHY3200 treatment led to a notable decrease in triglyceride and insulin levels in serum from old rats. The elevated kidney ROS level, serum insulin level, and Akt phosphorylation in old rats were reduced following MHY3200 treatment; moreover, FoxO1 phosphorylation increased. MHY3200 treatment led to the increased level of FoxO1 and its target gene, MnSOD. MHY3200 suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 expression by activating PPARα and inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the kidneys of old rats. Our results suggest that MHY3200 ameliorates age-associated renal inflammation by regulating NF-κB and FoxO1 via ROS/Akt signaling.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113197
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 7
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    Enhanced Production of Photosynthetic Pigments and Various Metabolites and Lipids in the Cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 7338 Culture in the Presence of Exogenous Glucose
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-02-03), p. 214-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-02-03), p. 214-
    Abstract: Synechocystis strains are cyanobacteria that can produce useful biomaterials for biofuel and pharmaceutical resources. In this study, the effects of exogenous glucose (5-mM) on cell growth, photosynthetic pigments, metabolites, and lipids in Synechocystis sp. PCC 7338 (referred to as Synechocystis 7338) were investigated. Exogenous glucose increased cell growth on days 9 and 18. The highest production (mg/L) of chlorophyll a (34.66), phycocyanin (84.94), allophycocyanin (34.28), and phycoerythrin (6.90) was observed on day 18 in Synechocystis 7338 culture under 5-mM glucose. Alterations in metabolic and lipidomic profiles under 5-mM glucose were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) and nanoelectrospray ionization-MS. The highest production (relative intensity/L) of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycerol-3-phosphate, linolenic acid, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) 16:0/18:1, MGDG 16:0/20:2, MGDG 18:1/18:2, neophytadiene, oleic acid, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 16:0/16:0, and PG 16:0/17:2 was achieved on day 9. The highest production of pyroglutamic acid and sucrose was observed on day 18. We suggest that the addition of exogenous glucose to Synechocystis 7338 culture could be an efficient strategy for improving growth of cells and production of photosynthetic pigments, metabolites, and intact lipid species for industrial applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom11020214
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 8
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    Classification of Breast Cancer Cells Using the Integration of High-Frequency Single-Beam Acoustic Tweezers and Convolutional Neural Networks
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cancers Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-05-12), p. 1212-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-05-12), p. 1212-
    Abstract: Single-beam acoustic tweezers (SBAT) is a widely used trapping technique to manipulate microscopic particles or cells. Recently, the characterization of a single cancer cell using high-frequency ( 〉 30 MHz) SBAT has been reported to determine its invasiveness and metastatic potential. Investigation of cell elasticity and invasiveness is based on the deformability of cells under SBAT’s radiation forces, and in general, more physically deformed cells exhibit higher levels of invasiveness and therefore higher metastatic potential. However, previous imaging analysis to determine substantial differences in cell deformation, where the SBAT is turned ON or OFF, relies on the subjective observation that may vary and requires follow-up evaluations from experts. In this study, we propose an automatic and reliable cancer cell classification method based on SBAT and a convolutional neural network (CNN), which provides objective and accurate quantitative measurement results. We used a custom-designed 50 MHz SBAT transducer to obtain a series of images of deformed human breast cancer cells. CNN-based classification methods with data augmentation applied to collected images determined and validated the metastatic potential of cancer cells. As a result, with the selected optimizers, precision, and recall of the model were found to be greater than 0.95, which highly validates the classification performance of our integrated method. CNN-guided cancer cell deformation analysis using SBAT may be a promising alternative to current histological image analysis, and this pretrained model will significantly reduce the evaluation time for a larger population of cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051212
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
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    Elevated Ferritin Levels Associated with High Body Fat Mass Affect Mortality in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 15, No. 9 ( 2023-04-29), p. 2149-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 9 ( 2023-04-29), p. 2149-
    Abstract: Obesity is a common health problem in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and causes high serum ferritin levels. However, mixed results have been reported on whether serum ferritin levels affect the prognosis of PD patients. We investigated the effect of increased adiposity on ferritin levels and its association with mortality in 350 well-nourished PD patients. Body composition was measured using a portable whole-body bioimpedance spectroscope, and clinical determinants of high ferritin levels were evaluated. High ferritin levels (≥600 ng/mL) were observed in 63 (18.0%) patients. Patients with high ferritin levels had a significantly higher body fat percentage and a lower lean tissue index than patients with low or normal ferritin levels. During a median follow-up of 30 months, there were 65 deaths. Ferritin ≥ 600 ng/mL was associated with significantly higher all-cause mortality compared with 200–600 ng/mL of ferritin. Multivariate analysis showed that high ferritin levels were significantly associated with a higher percentage of body fat after adjustment for lean tissue index and volume status. High ferritin increased all-cause mortality in PD patients, and increased fat mass was an important determinant of the high ferritin. Our results support that adiposity may lead to an adverse clinical outcome in PD patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu15092149
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 10
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    Synthetic Aperture Imaging Using High-Frequency Convex Array for Ophthalmic Ultrasound Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sensors Vol. 21, No. 7 ( 2021-03-24), p. 2275-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 7 ( 2021-03-24), p. 2275-
    Abstract: High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) imaging has emerged as an essential tool for pre-clinical studies and clinical applications such as ophthalmic and dermatologic imaging. HFUS imaging systems based on array transducers capable of dynamic receive focusing have considerably improved the image quality in terms of spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to those by the single-element transducer-based one. However, the array system still suffers from low spatial resolution and SNR in out-of-focus regions, resulting in a blurred image and a limited penetration depth. In this paper, we present synthetic aperture imaging with a virtual source (SA-VS) for an ophthalmic application using a high-frequency convex array transducer. The performances of the SA-VS were evaluated with phantom and ex vivo experiments in comparison with the conventional dynamic receive focusing method. Pre-beamformed radio-frequency (RF) data from phantoms and excised bovine eye were acquired using a custom-built 64-channel imaging system. In the phantom experiments, the SA-VS method showed improved lateral resolution ( 〉 10%) and sidelobe level ( 〉 4.4 dB) compared to those by the conventional method. The SNR was also improved, resulting in an increased penetration depth: 16 mm and 23 mm for the conventional and SA-VS methods, respectively. Ex vivo images with the SA-VS showed improved image quality at the entire depth and visualized structures that were obscured by noise in conventional imaging.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s21072275
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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