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  • 1
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2020-09-16), p. 2831-
    Abstract: Numerous studies have shown that vitamins reduce the risk of cancers, but the relationship between serum vitamin levels and breast cancer is still controversial. In this study, we evaluated serum levels of vitamins in Korean patients with benign breast disease or breast cancer and investigated their associations with clinical and laboratory parameters. Concentrations of vitamin A, D, and E, together with homocysteine and methylmalonic acid as biomarkers of vitamin B12 deficiency, were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the serum of 104 breast cancer patients, 62 benign breast disease patients, and 75 healthy Korean females. We further assessed possible associations between vitamin levels and breast cancer subtypes, the presence of lymph node metastasis, and tumor stages. Serum concentrations of vitamins A and E were significantly lower in breast cancer patients and in benign breast disease patients than in healthy controls. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in breast cancer patients than in healthy controls. Vitamin D level was significantly lower in breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor-negative or triple-negative subtypes than in those with other subtypes. Further research with a larger study population is required to elucidate the role of vitamins in breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 2
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2021-05-08), p. 772-
    Abstract: This work demonstrates the synaptic properties of the alloy-type resistive random-access memory (RRAM). We fabricated the HfAlOx-based RRAM for a synaptic device in a neuromorphic system. The deposition of the HfAlOx film on the silicon substrate was verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. It was found that both abrupt and gradual resistive switching could be implemented, depending on the reset stop voltage. In the reset process, the current gradually decreased at weak voltage, and at strong voltage, it tended to decrease rapidly by Joule heating. The type of switching determined by the first reset process was subsequently demonstrated to be stable switching by successive set and reset processes. A gradual switching type has a much smaller on/off window than abrupt switching. In addition, retention maintained stability up to 2000 s in both switching cases. Next, the multiple current states were tested in the gradual switching case by identical pulses. Finally, we demonstrated the potentiation and depression of the Cu/HfAlOx/Si device as a synapse in an artificial neural network and confirmed that gradual resistive switching was suitable for artificial synapses, using neuromorphic system simulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 3
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2022-05-27), p. 740-
    Abstract: In the semiconductor manufacturing process, the inner walls of the equipment are coated with yttrium-based oxides for etch resistance against plasma exposure. Yttrium oxyfluoride (YOF) particle synthesis and coating methods have been actively studied owing to their high erosion resistance compared to Y2O3 and Al2O3. Owing to the formation of a rough and porous coating layer by thermal spray-coating, the coating layer disintegrates, as the etching process has been conducted for a long time. Laser-induced synthesis and coating technology offer several advantages, including simplified process steps, ease of handling, and formation of a dense coating layer on the target material. In this study, YOF was coated on an aluminum substrate using a modified precursor solution. The NaF and HMTA were added to the precursor solution, resulting in enhanced synthetic reactivity and stabilizing the oxides. The material coated on the surface was analyzed based on the characteristics of composition, chemical bonding, and phase identification. We found that the coating properties can be improved by using an appropriate combination of modified precursor solutions and laser parameters. Therefore, the findings in this study are expected to be utilized in the field of coating technology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 4
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2020-10-16), p. 2879-
    Abstract: Groundwater can flow into or out of surface water and thus can greatly affect the quantity and quality of surface water. In this study, we conducted a water quantity and quality analysis for 11 months in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the temporal contribution of groundwater to surface water at Osongji, a small lake located in Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. Groundwater fluxes and groundwater and surface water levels were measured using seepage meters and a piezometer, respectively. On-site water quality parameters, cations, and anions for groundwater and surface water were analyzed. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes for groundwater, surface water, and rainwater were also analyzed. Groundwater influx did not correlate directly to precipitation, suggesting that it may be delayed after rainwater infiltration. Aqueous chemistry indicated that the hydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water were substantially affected by groundwater. The isotopic composition of surface water changed over time, indicating a different contribution of groundwater in different seasons. This study shows that water quantity and quality data can be used in combination to evaluate temporal changes in the groundwater contribution to surface water.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 5
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-04-14), p. 451-
    Abstract: Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices are noticeable next generation memory devices. However, only few studies have been conducted regarding RRAM devices made of alloy. In this paper, we investigate the resistive switching behaviors of an Au/Ti/HfTiOx/p-Si memory device. The bipolar switching is characterized depending on compliance current under DC sweep mode. Good retention in the low-resistance state and high-resistance state is attained for nonvolatile memory and long-term memory in a synapse device. For practical switching operation, the pulse transient characteristics are studied for set and reset processes. Moreover, a synaptic weight change is achieved by a moderate pulse input for the potentiation and depression characteristics of the synaptic device. We reveal that the high-resistance state and low-resistance state are dominated by Schottky emissions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Materials Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2017-08-21), p. 973-
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2017-08-21), p. 973-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 7
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 7 ( 2023-03-25), p. 3451-
    Abstract: In this study, we propose the direct diagnosis of thyroid cancer using a small probe. The probe can easily check the abnormalities of existing thyroid tissue without relying on experts, which reduces the cost of examining thyroid tissue and enables the initial self-examination of thyroid cancer with high accuracy. A multi-layer silicon-structured probe module is used to photograph light scattered by elastic changes in thyroid tissue under pressure to obtain a tactile image of the thyroid gland. In the thyroid tissue under pressure, light scatters to the outside depending on the presence of malignant and positive properties. A simple and easy-to-use tactile-sensation imaging system is developed by documenting the characteristics of the organization of tissues by using non-invasive technology for analyzing tactile images and judging the properties of abnormal tissues.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Metals Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2021-07-29), p. 1207-
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2021-07-29), p. 1207-
    Abstract: In this work, we study the threshold switching and short-term memory plasticity of a Pt/HfO2/TaOx/TiN resistive memory device for a neuromorphic system. First, we verify the thickness and elemental characterization of the device stack through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line scan. Volatile resistive switching with low compliance current is observed under the DC sweep in a positive bias. Uniform cell-to-cell and cycle-to-cycle DC I-V curves are achieved by means of a repetitive sweep. The mechanism of volatile switching is explained by the temporal generation of traps. Next, we initiate the accumulation of the conductance and a natural decrease in the current by controlling the interval time of the pulses. Finally, we conduct a neuromorphic simulation to calculate the pattern recognition accuracy. These results can be applicable to short-term memory applications such as temporal learning in a neuromorphic system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Metals Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2021-11-23), p. 1885-
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2021-11-23), p. 1885-
    Abstract: This work characterizes resistive switching and neuromorphic simulation of Pt/HfO2/TaN stack as an artificial synaptic device. A stable bipolar resistive switching operation is performed by repetitive DC sweep cycles. Furthermore, endurance (DC 100 cycles) and retention (5000 s) are demonstrated for reliable resistive operation. Low-resistance and high-resistance states follow the Ohmic conduction and Poole–Frenkel emission, respectively, which is verified through the fitting process. For practical operation, the set and reset processes are performed through pulses. Further, potentiation and depression are demonstrated for neuromorphic application. Finally, neuromorphic system simulation is performed through a neural network for pattern recognition accuracy of the Fashion Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology dataset.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Metals Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2021-03-07), p. 440-
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2021-03-07), p. 440-
    Abstract: In this work, resistive switching and synaptic behaviors of a TiO2/Al2O3 bilayer device were studied. The deposition of Pt/Ti/TiO2/Al2O3/TiN stack was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The initial state before the forming process followed Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling. A strong electric field was applied to Al2O3 with a large energy bandgap for FN tunneling, which was confirmed by the I-V fitting process. Bipolar resistive switching was conducted by the set process in a positive bias and the reset process in a negative bias. High-resistance state (HRS) followed the trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) model while low-resistance state (LRS) followed the Ohmic conduction model. Set and reset operations were verified by pulse. Moreover, potentiation and depression in the biological synapse were verified by repetitive set pulses and reset pulses. Finally, the device showed good pattern recognition accuracy (~88.8%) for a Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digit database in a single layer neural network including the conductance update of the device.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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