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  • 1
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    Monopolar Spindle 1 Kinase (MPS1/TTK) mRNA Expression is Associated with Earlier Development of Clinical Symptoms, Tumor Aggressiveness and Survival of Glioma Patients
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Biomedicines Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2020-07-03), p. 192-
    Details
    In: Biomedicines, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 7 ( 2020-07-03), p. 192-
    Abstract: Inhibition of the protein kinase MPS1, a mitotic spindle-checkpoint regulator, reinforces the effects of multiple therapies against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in experimental settings. We analyzed MPS1 mRNA-expression in gliomas WHO grade II, III and in clinical subgroups of GBM. Data were obtained by qPCR analysis of tumor and healthy brain specimens and correlated with the patients’ clinical data. MPS1 was overexpressed in all gliomas on an mRNA level (ANOVA, p 〈 0.01) and correlated with tumor aggressiveness. We explain previously published conflicting results on survival: high MPS1 was associated with poorer long term survival when all gliomas were analyzed combined in one group (Cox regression: t 〈 24 months, p = 0.009, Hazard ratio: 8.0, 95% CI: 1.7–38.4), with poorer survival solely in low-grade gliomas (LogRank: p = 0.02, Cox regression: p = 0.06, Hazard-Ratio: 8.0, 95% CI: 0.9–66.7), but not in GBM (LogRank: p 〉 0.05). This might be due to their lower tumor volume at the therapy start. GBM patients with high MPS1 mRNA-expression developed clinical symptoms at an earlier stage. This, however, did not benefit their overall survival, most likely due to the more aggressive tumor growth. Since MPS1 mRNA-expression in gliomas was enhanced with increasing tumor aggressiveness, patients with the worst outcome might benefit best from a treatment directed against MPS1.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9059
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070192
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720867-9
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  • 2
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    Glioblastoma-Derived Three-Dimensional Ex Vivo Models to Evaluate Effects and Efficacy of Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-22), p. 5177-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-22), p. 5177-
    Abstract: Glioblastoma (GBM) displays a wide range of inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity contributing to therapeutic resistance and relapse. Although Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are effective for the treatment of GBM, there is a lack of ex vivo models to evaluate effects on patients’ tumor biology or to screen patients for treatment efficacy. Thus, we adapted patient-derived three-dimensional tissue culture models to be compatible with TTFields application to tissue culture. Patient-derived primary cells (PDPC) were seeded onto murine organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), and microtumor development with and without TTFields at 200 kHz was observed. In addition, organoids were generated from acute material cultured on OHSC and treated with TTFields. Lastly, the effect of TTFields on expression of the Ki67 proliferation marker was evaluated on cultured GBM slices. Microtumors exhibited increased sensitivity towards TTFields compared to monolayer cell cultures. TTFields affected tumor growth and viability, as the size of microtumors and the percentage of Ki67-positive cells decreased after treatment. Nevertheless, variability in the extent of the response was preserved between different patient samples. Therefore, these pre-clinical GBM models could provide snapshots of the tumor to simulate patient treatment response and to investigate molecular mechanisms of response and resistance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215177
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 3
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    Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Induce Cell Junction Alterations in a Human 3D In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Pharmaceutics Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2023-01-04), p. 185-
    Details
    In: Pharmaceutics, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2023-01-04), p. 185-
    Abstract: In a recent study, we showed in an in vitro murine cerebellar microvascular endothelial cell (cerebEND) model as well as in vivo in rats that Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) reversibly open the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This process is facilitated by delocalizing tight junction proteins such as claudin-5 from the membrane to the cytoplasm. In investigating the possibility that the same effects could be observed in human-derived cells, a 3D co-culture model of the BBB was established consisting of primary microvascular brain endothelial cells (HBMVEC) and immortalized pericytes, both of human origin. The TTFields at a frequency of 100 kHz administered for 72 h increased the permeability of our human-derived BBB model. The integrity of the BBB had already recovered 48 h post-TTFields, which is earlier than that observed in cerebEND. The data presented herein validate the previously observed effects of TTFields in murine models. Moreover, due to the fact that human cell-based in vitro models more closely resemble patient-derived entities, our findings are highly relevant for pre-clinical studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4923
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010185
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527217-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
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    Changes of O6-Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) Promoter Methylation in Glioblastoma Relapse—A Meta-Analysis Type Literature Review
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Cancers Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-11-21), p. 1837-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2019-11-21), p. 1837-
    Abstract: Methylation of the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter has emerged as strong prognostic factor in the therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. It is associated with an improved response to chemotherapy with temozolomide and longer overall survival. MGMT promoter methylation has implications for the clinical course of patients. In recent years, there have been observations of patients changing their MGMT promoter methylation from primary tumor to relapse. Still, data on this topic are scarce. Studies often consist of only few patients and provide rather contrasting results, making it hard to draw a clear conclusion on clinical implications. Here, we summarize the previous publications on this topic, add new cases of changing MGMT status in relapse and finally combine all reports of more than ten patients in a statistical analysis based on the Wilson score interval. MGMT promoter methylation changes are seen in 115 of 476 analyzed patients (24%; CI: 0.21–0.28). We discuss potential reasons like technical issues, intratumoral heterogeneity and selective pressure of therapy. The clinical implications are still ambiguous and do not yet support a change in clinical practice. However, retesting MGMT methylation might be useful for future treatment decisions and we encourage clinical studies to address this topic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121837
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 5
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    BRMS1 in Gliomas—An Expression Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Cancers Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2023-05-25), p. 2907-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2023-05-25), p. 2907-
    Abstract: The metastatic suppressor BRMS1 interacts with critical steps of the metastatic cascade in many cancer entities. As gliomas rarely metastasize, BRMS1 has mainly been neglected in glioma research. However, its interaction partners, such as NFκB, VEGF, or MMPs, are old acquaintances in neurooncology. The steps regulated by BRMS1, such as invasion, migration, and apoptosis, are commonly dysregulated in gliomas. Therefore, BRMS1 shows potential as a regulator of glioma behavior. By bioinformatic analysis, in addition to our cohort of 118 specimens, we determined BRMS1 mRNA and protein expression as well as its correlation with the clinical course in astrocytomas IDH mutant, CNS WHO grade 2/3, and glioblastoma IDH wild-type, CNS WHO grade 4. Interestingly, we found BRMS1 protein expression to be significantly decreased in the aforementioned gliomas, while BRMS1 mRNA appeared to be overexpressed throughout. This dysregulation was independent of patients’ characteristics or survival. The protein and mRNA expression differences cannot be finally explained at this stage. However, they suggest a post-transcriptional dysregulation that has been previously described in other cancer entities. Our analyses present the first data on BRMS1 expression in gliomas that can provide a starting point for further investigations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112907
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 6
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    Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Reversibly Permeabilize the Blood–Brain Barrier In Vitro and In Vivo
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-09-22), p. 1348-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-09-22), p. 1348-
    Abstract: Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic substances that could potentially target CNS disorders, an inability of these agents to cross the restrictive blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits their clinical utility. Novel strategies to overcome the BBB are therefore needed to improve drug delivery. We report, for the first time, how Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), approved for glioblastoma (GBM), affect the BBB’s integrity and permeability. Here, we treated murine microvascular cerebellar endothelial cells (cerebEND) with 100–300 kHz TTFields for up to 72 h and analyzed the expression of barrier proteins by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. In vivo, compounds normally unable to cross the BBB were traced in healthy rat brain following TTFields administration at 100 kHz. The effects were analyzed via MRI and immunohistochemical staining of tight-junction proteins. Furthermore, GBM tumor-bearing rats were treated with paclitaxel (PTX), a chemotherapeutic normally restricted by the BBB combined with TTFields at 100 kHz. The tumor volume was reduced with TTFields plus PTX, relative to either treatment alone. In vitro, we demonstrate that TTFields transiently disrupted BBB function at 100 kHz through a Rho kinase-mediated tight junction claudin-5 phosphorylation pathway. Altogether, if translated into clinical use, TTFields could represent a novel CNS drug delivery strategy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom12101348
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 7
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    Effects of Long-Term Temozolomide Treatment on Glioblastoma and Astrocytoma WHO Grade 4 Stem-like Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2022-05-07), p. 5238-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2022-05-07), p. 5238-
    Abstract: Glioblastoma leads to a fatal course within two years in more than two thirds of patients. An essential cornerstone of therapy is chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ). The effect of TMZ is counteracted by the cellular repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). The MGMT promoter methylation, the main regulator of MGMT expression, can change from primary tumor to recurrence, and TMZ may play a significant role in this process. To identify the potential mechanisms involved, three primary stem-like cell lines (one astrocytoma with the mutation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), CNS WHO grade 4 (HGA)), and two glioblastoma (IDH-wildtype, CNS WHO grade 4) were treated with TMZ. The MGMT promoter methylation, migration, proliferation, and TMZ-response of the tumor cells were examined at different time points. The strong effects of TMZ treatment on the MGMT methylated cells were observed. Furthermore, TMZ led to a loss of the MGMT promoter hypermethylation and induced migratory rather than proliferative behavior. Cells with the unmethylated MGMT promoter showed more aggressive behavior after treatment, while HGA cells reacted heterogenously. Our study provides further evidence to consider the potential adverse effects of TMZ chemotherapy and a rationale for investigating potential relationships between TMZ treatment and change in the MGMT promoter methylation during relapse.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095238
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Ribosomal Protein S27/Metallopanstimulin-1 (RPS27) in Glioma—A New Disease Biomarker?
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cancers Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-04-27), p. 1085-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-04-27), p. 1085-
    Abstract: Despite its significant overexpression in several malignant neoplasms, the expression of RPS27 in the central nervous system (CNS) is widely unknown. We identified the cell types expressing RPS27 in the CNS under normal and disease conditions. We acquired specimens of healthy brain (NB), adult pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, anaplastic PA WHO grade III, gliomas WHO grade II/III with or without isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). RPS27 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and double-fluorescence staining and its mRNA expression quantified by RT-PCR. Patients’ clinical and tumor characteristics were collected retrospectively. RPS27 protein was specifically expressed in tumor cells and neurons, but not in healthy astrocytes. In tumor tissue, most macrophages were positive, while this was rarely the case in inflamed tissue. Compared to NB, RPS27 mRNA was in mean 6.2- and 8.8-fold enhanced in gliomas WHO grade II/III with (p 〈 0.01) and without IDH mutation (p = 0.01), respectively. GBM displayed a 4.6-fold increased mean expression (p = 0.02). Although RPS27 expression levels did not affect the patients’ survival, their association with tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages provides a rationale for a future investigation of a potential function during gliomagenesis and tumor immune response.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051085
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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