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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Dynamics of Viral Shedding and Symptoms in Patients with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2021-10-22), p. 2133-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2021-10-22), p. 2133-
    Abstract: We conducted a prospective cohort study at a community facility designated for the isolation of individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 between 10 January and 22 February 2021 to investigate the relationship of viral shedding with symptom changes of COVID-19. In total, 89 COVID-19 adult patients (12 asymptomatic, 16 presymptomatic, 61 symptomatic) were enrolled. Symptom scores, the genomic RNA and subgenomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2 from saliva samples with a cell culture were measured. Asymptomatic COVID-19 patients had a similar viral load to symptomatic patients during the early course of the disease, but exhibited a rapid decrease in viral load with the loss of infectivity. Subgenomic RNA and viable virus by cell culture in asymptomatic patients were detected only until 3 days after diagnosis, and the positivity of the subgenomic RNA and cell culture in symptomatic patients gradually decreased in both from 40% in the early disease course to 13% at 10 days and 4% at 8 days after the symptom onset, respectively. In conclusion, symptomatic patients have a high infectivity with high symptom scores during the early disease course and gradually lose infectivity depending on the symptom. Conversely, asymptomatic patients exhibit a rapid decrease in viral load with the loss of infectivity, despite a similar viral load during the early disease course.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13112133
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 2
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    Protective Effect of Ciclopirox against Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Mice by Suppressing Osteoclast Formation and Function
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 15 ( 2021-08-02), p. 8299-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 15 ( 2021-08-02), p. 8299-
    Abstract: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is closely associated with excessive osteoclast formation and function, resulting in the loss of bone mass. Osteoclast-targeting agents have been developed to manage this disease. We examined the effects of ciclopirox on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Ciclopirox significantly inhibited osteoclast formation from primary murine bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and the expression of genes associated with osteoclastogenesis and function was decreased. The formation of actin rings and resorption pits was suppressed by ciclopirox. Analysis of RANKL-mediated early signaling events in BMMs revealed that ciclopirox attenuates IκBα phosphorylation without affecting mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Furthermore, the administration of ciclopirox suppressed osteoclast formation and bone loss in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice and reduced serum levels of osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type I collagen C-terminus. These results indicate that ciclopirox exhibits antiosteoclastogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo and represents a new candidate compound for protection against osteoporosis and other osteoclast-related bone diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158299
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Solidification and Precipitation Microstructure Simulation of a Hypereutectic Al–Mn–Fe–Si Alloy in Semi-Quantitative Phase-Field Modeling with Experimental Aid
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Metals Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2020-10-03), p. 1325-
    Details
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2020-10-03), p. 1325-
    Abstract: In this study, microstructural evolution during solidification of a hypereutectic Al–Mn–Fe–Si alloy was investigated using semi-quantitative two-/three-dimensional phase-field modeling. The formation of facetted Al6Mn precipitates and the temperature evolution during solidification were simulated and experimentally validated. The temperature evolution obtained from the phase-field simulation, which was balanced between extracted heat and latent heat release, was compared to the thermal profile of the specimen measured during casting to validate the semi-quantitative phase-field simulation. The casting microstructure, grain morphology, and solute distribution of the specimen were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopy and compared with the simulated microstructure. The simulation results identified the different Fe to Mn ratios in Al6(Mnx,Fe1−x) precipitates that formed during different solidification stages and were confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The precipitates formed in the late solidification stage were more enriched with Fe than the primary precipitate due to solute segregation in the interdendritic channel. The semi-quantitative model facilitated a direct comparison between the simulation and experimental observations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/met10101325
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 4
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    Impact of Denoising on Deep-Learning-Based Automatic Segmentation Framework for Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Planning
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 15 ( 2022-07-22), p. 3581-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 15 ( 2022-07-22), p. 3581-
    Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to investigate the segmentation accuracy of organs at risk (OARs) when denoised computed tomography (CT) images are used as input data for a deep-learning-based auto-segmentation framework. Methods: We used non-contrast enhanced planning CT scans from 40 patients with breast cancer. The heart, lungs, esophagus, spinal cord, and liver were manually delineated by two experienced radiation oncologists in a double-blind manner. The denoised CT images were used as input data for the AccuContourTM segmentation software to increase the signal difference between structures of interest and unwanted noise in non-contrast CT. The accuracy of the segmentation was assessed using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and the results were compared with those of conventional deep-learning-based auto-segmentation without denoising. Results: The average DSC outcomes were higher than 0.80 for all OARs except for the esophagus. AccuContourTM-based and denoising-based auto-segmentation demonstrated comparable performance for the lungs and spinal cord but showed limited performance for the esophagus. Denoising-based auto-segmentation for the liver was minimal but had statistically significantly better DSC than AccuContourTM-based auto-segmentation (p 〈 0.05). Conclusions: Denoising-based auto-segmentation demonstrated satisfactory performance in automatic liver segmentation from non-contrast enhanced CT scans. Further external validation studies with larger cohorts are needed to verify the usefulness of denoising-based auto-segmentation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153581
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Effects of Sugammadex on Post-Operative Pulmonary Complications in Laparoscopic Gastrectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2020-04-24), p. 1232-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2020-04-24), p. 1232-
    Abstract: The use of sugammadex can reduce post-operative residual neuromuscular blockade, which is known to increase the risk of post-operative respiratory events. However, its effect on post-operative pulmonary complications is not obvious. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of sugammadex on post-operative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy between 2013 and 2017. We performed propensity score matching to correct for selection bias. Post-operative pulmonary complications (i.e., pneumonia, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and aspiration pneumonitis) were evaluated from the radiological and laboratory findings. We also evaluated admission to the intensive care unit after surgery, re-admission or an emergency room visit within 30 days after discharge, length of hospital stay, re-operation, and mortality within 90 days post-operatively as secondary outcomes. In the initial cohort of 3802 patients, 541 patients were excluded, and 1232 patients were analyzed after propensity score matching. In the matched cohort, pleural effusion was significantly reduced in the sugammadex group compared to the neostigmine group (neostigmine 23.4% vs. sugammadex 18%, p = 0.02). Other pulmonary complications and secondary outcomes were not significantly different between the groups. In comparison to neostigmine, the use of sugammadex was associated with a lower incidence of post-operative pleural effusion in laparoscopic gastrectomy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041232
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 6
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    3D Void Handling Geographic P2P-RPL for Indoor Multi-Hop IR-UWB Networks
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Electronics Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2022-02-17), p. 625-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2022-02-17), p. 625-
    Abstract: IETF has standardized the point-to-point RPL (P2P-RPL) to ensure reliable and optimal P2P route discovery for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). P2P-RPL propagates route discovery packets to all nodes in the network, which results in high routing communication overheads. Recently, other RPL-based P2P routing algorithms have been proposed to reduce such overheads, but still, quite an amount of overheads occur due to their flooding-based approach. In real life 3D environments, a larger number of nodes should be deployed to guarantee the full network connectivity, and thus the flooding strategy incurs higher overheads. In effort to alleviate high overheads, geographic routing is an attractive solution that exploits the nodes’ geographic locations in its next-hop routing selection. However, geographic routing inherently suffers from the local minimum (void) problem following greedy next-hop selection. Local minima occur more often in 3D space, and therefore, a reliable 3D void handling technique is required. In this paper, we propose greedy forwarding and void handling point-to-point RPL with adaptive trickle timer (GVA-P2P-RPL), which is a novel RPL-based P2P routing protocol that quickly discovers energy-efficient and reliable P2P routes in 3D networks. In GVA-P2P-RPL, P2P-RPL is modified to greedily forward routing packets when it is possible. IR-UWB-based 3D multi-hop self-positioning is conducted in advance to obtain the geographical location of each node. When local minima are encountered, routing packets are temporarily broadcast just like in the traditional P2P-RPL. A new trickle algorithm called adaptive trickle timer (ATT) is also presented to reduce route discovery time and provide better collision avoidance effects. The performance of GVA-P2P-RPL is compared with that of P2P-RPL, partial flooding-based P2P-RPL (PF-P2P-RPL) and ER-RPL. It shows significant improvements in route discovery overheads and route discovery time against these state-of-the-art RPL-based P2P routing methods in 3D environments. Performance evaluation in the special network case where a huge 3D void volume exists in the center is also presented to show the strong void recovery capability of the proposed GVA-P2P-RPL in 3D environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics11040625
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 7
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    Spectroscopic Interpretation of PAH-Spectra in Minerals and Its Possible Application to Soil Monitoring
    MDPI AG ; 2010
    In:  Sensors Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2010-04-15), p. 3868-3881
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2010-04-15), p. 3868-3881
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s100403868
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 8
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    Potential Beneficial Effects of Sargassum spp. in Skin Aging
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2022-08-22), p. 540-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2022-08-22), p. 540-
    Abstract: Seaweeds are receiving much attention as a rich source of bioactive compounds with cosmeceutical potential. Recent studies have revealed that Sargassum spp., a genus of brown algae in the family Sargassaceae, has multiple functions in preventing and improving skin aging. Sargassum spp. contains many bioactive compounds, such as fucoidan, fucoxanthin, terpenoids, flavonoids, and meroterpenoids. These Sargassum spp. extracts and derivative compounds have excellent potential for skincare, as they exhibit skin health-promoting properties, including antioxidants, anti-inflammation, whitening, skin barrier repair, and moisturizing. Therefore, searching for bioactive compounds in marine resources such as Sargassum spp. could be an attractive approach to preventing and improving skin aging. The current review focused on the various biological abilities of Sargassum extracts or derived compounds for anti-skin aging.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md20080540
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 9
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    In Vitro Activities of Ceftazidime–Avibactam and Aztreonam–Avibactam at Different Inoculum Sizes of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacterales Blood Isolates
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-05), p. 1492-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-05), p. 1492-
    Abstract: β-lactam–avibactam combinations have been proposed as carbapenem-sparing therapies, but little data exist on their in vitro activities in infections with high bacterial inocula. We investigated the in vitro efficacies and the inoculum effects of ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam against extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistant Enterobacterales blood isolates. A total of 228 non-repetitive extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae blood isolates were prospectively collected in a tertiary center. In vitro susceptibilities to ceftazidime, aztreonam, meropenem, ceftazidime–avibactam, and aztreonam–avibactam were evaluated by broth microdilution method using standard and high inocula. An inoculum effect was defined as an eightfold or greater increase in MIC when tested with the high inoculum. Of the 228 isolates, 99% were susceptible to ceftazidime–avibactam and 99% had low aztreonam–avibactam MICs (≤8 mg/L). Ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam exhibited good in vitro activities; MIC50/MIC90 values were 0.5/2 mg/L, 0.125/0.5 mg/L, and ≤0.03/0.25 mg/L, respectively, and aztreonam–avibactam was more active than ceftazidime–avibactam. The frequencies of the inoculum effect with ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam were lower than with meropenem (14% vs. 38%, p 〈 0.001 and 30% vs. 38%, p = 0.03, respectively). The β-lactam-avibactam combinations could be useful as carbapenem-sparing strategies, and aztreonam–avibactam has the better in vitro activity but is more subject to the inoculum effect than ceftazidime–avibactam.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121492
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 10
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    Characteristics of the Molecular Weight of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Used as a Household Humidifier Disinfectant
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Molecules Vol. 26, No. 15 ( 2021-07-26), p. 4490-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 26, No. 15 ( 2021-07-26), p. 4490-
    Abstract: (1) Background: Household humidifier disinfectant (HD) brands containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) have been found to cause the most HD-associated lung injuries (HDLIs) in the Republic of Korea. Nevertheless, no study has attempted to characterize the potential association of the health effects, including HDLI, with the physicochemical properties of PHMG dissolved in different HD brands. This study aimed to characterize the molecular weight (MW) distribution, the number-average molecular weight (Mn), the weight-average molecular weight (Mw), and the structural types of PHMG used in HD products. (2) Methods: Quantitative measurements were made using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The Mn, Mw, and MW distributions were compared among various HD products. (3) Results: The mean Mn and Mw were 542.4 g/mol (range: 403.0–692.2 g/mol) and 560.7 g/mol (range: 424.0–714.70 g/mol), respectively. The degree of PHMG oligomerization ranged from 3 to 7. The MW distribution of PHMG indicated oligomeric compounds regardless of the HD brands. (4) Conclusions: Based on the molecular weight distribution, the average molecular weight of PHMG, and the degree of polymerization, the PHMG collected from HDLI victims could be regarded as an oligomer. PHMG, as used in household humidifiers, should not be exempted from toxic chemical registration as a polymer. Further study is necessary to examine the association of PHMG oligomeric compounds and respiratory health effects, including HDLI.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154490
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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