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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pre-Archaeological Investigation by Integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Aeromagnetic Surveys and Soil Analyses
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Drones Vol. 6, No. 9 ( 2022-09-06), p. 243-
    Details
    In: Drones, MDPI AG, Vol. 6, No. 9 ( 2022-09-06), p. 243-
    Abstract: Magnetic surveys have been widely used in archaeological field investigations. However, conventional survey methods are often restricted by complicated field conditions and ambiguities in data interpretation. In this study, a novel magnetic survey system was designed for pre-archaeological investigation (preliminary survey prior to the archaeological excavation) based on a modified quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and was successfully applied to an archaeological area with a complex landform in Huizhou, China. Results show that the target anomaly identified by UAV aeromagnetic survey corresponds well to the location of a potential archaeological site. Subsequent soil analyses further confirm the archaeological value of UAV aeromagnetic results and provide strong constraints on the interpretation of target anomalies. This study demonstrates that the newly proposed UAV aeromagnetic system can adapt to the various field conditions with the advantages of flexibility and efficiency, which has great potential for future archaeological investigations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2504-446X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/drones6090243
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2934569-8
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  • 2
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    The Genomic Evolution and the Transmission Dynamics of H6N2 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Southern China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-05-26), p. 1154-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-05-26), p. 1154-
    Abstract: In China, the broad prevalence of H6 subtype influenza viruses, increasingly detected in aquatic birds, promotes their exchange materials with other highly pathogenic human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 influenza viruses. Strikingly, some H6 subtype viruses can infect pigs, dogs, and humans, posing risks to public health. In this study, 9 H6N2 viruses recovered from waterfowl species in the Guangdong province of China in 2018 were isolated and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome sequences of these H6N2 viruses belonged to Group I, except for the NP gene in Group III. Coalescent analyses demonstrated that the reassortment of NA and NS genes have occurred in two independent clusters, suggesting H6 subtype viruses had been undergoing a complex reassortant. To examine the evolutionary dynamics and the dissemination of the H6 subtype viruses, a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection was performed for results showing higher viral migration rates between closer provinces, including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Fujian. Notably, the transmission routes of the H6 subtype viruses were concentrated in Jiangxi Province, the most frequent location for input and output transmission and a region containing Poyang Lake, a well-known wintering site for migration birds. We also found that the aquatic birds, especially ducks, were the most common input source of the viral transmission. In addition, we also found that eight positively selected amino acid sites were identified in HA protein. Given their continuous dissemination and the broad prevalence of the H6 subtype influenza viruses, continued surveillance is warranted in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14061154
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 3
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    Interferon–Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3 (IFITM3) Restricts Rotavirus Infection
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-30), p. 2407-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-30), p. 2407-
    Abstract: Rotavirus (RV) is a non–enveloped icosahedral virus with an 11–segment double–stranded RNA genome, belonging to the family of rotaviruses. RV is one of the pathogens causing diarrhea in infants and young animals, and it induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs), which can trigger antiviral function by inducing the production of interferon–stimulated genes (ISGs). Although IFITM3, an ISG localizing to late endosomes, can limit many viral infections, whether or not it restricts the infection of RV is still unknown. Therefore, we attempted to determine whether IFITM3 also restricts RV infection by using over–expression and knockout cell strains. It was found that IFITM3–expressing cell strains were less susceptible to RV infection, as the replication of RV in over–expressing cells was significantly less than in control group cells. Correspondingly, IFITM3–knockout cells were significantly susceptible compared to the normal cells. Furthermore, the IFN–induced antiviral effect was significantly attenuated in the absence of IFITM3, and IFITM3 delayed RV escape from endosomes in the presence of IFITM3, suggesting that endogenous IFITM3 is of great importance in type I IFN–mediated antiviral responses and may restrict infection by affecting the function of the late endosomal compartment. In conclusion, these data provide the first evidence that IFITM3 limits RV infection in vitro and delays RV escape from late endosomes into the cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14112407
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 4
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    A Vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 S Protein RBD Induces Protective Immunity
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-08), p. 13716-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-08), p. 13716-
    Abstract: The pandemic of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed great threat to the world in many aspects. There is an urgent requirement for an effective preventive vaccine. The receptor binding domain (RBD), located on the spike (S) gene, is responsible for binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of host cells. The RBD protein is an effective and safe antigen candidate. The six-helix bundle (6HB) “molecular clamp” is a novel thermally-stable trimerization domain derived from a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp41 protein segment. We selected the baculovirus system to fuse and express the RBD protein and 6HB for imitating the natural trimeric structure of RBD, named RBD-6HB. Recombinant RBD-6HB was successfully obtained from the cell culture supernatant and purified to high homogeneity. The purity of the final protein preparation was more than 97%. The results showed that the protein was identified as a homogeneous polymer. Further studies showed that the RBD-6HB protein combined with AL/CpG adjuvant could stimulate animals to produce sustained high-level antibodies and establish an effective protective barrier to protect mice from challenges. Our findings highlight the importance of trimerized SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD in designing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and provide a rationale for developing a protective vaccine through the induction of antibodies against the RBD domain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213716
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Flexible Terahertz Metamaterials Absorber based on VO2
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Photonics Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2023-05-28), p. 621-
    Details
    In: Photonics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2023-05-28), p. 621-
    Abstract: Terahertz (THz) metamaterials have attracted great attention due to their widely application potential in smart THz devices; however, most of them are fabricated on rigid substrate and thus limit the exploration of flexible THz electronics. In this paper, a flexible THz metamaterial absorber (MMA) incorporated with phase change material vanadium dioxide (VO2) is proposed. The simulation results indicate that two absorption peaks at around 0.24 THz (marked as A) and 0.46 THz (marked as B) can be observed by designing a I-shaped metamaterial combined with split ring structure. The strong absorption over 92% at 0.24 THz is bending-insensitive, but the absorption at 0.46 THz is bending-sensitive, across the bending angle in the range of 0–50 degrees. Moreover, dynamic modulation of the absorption can be achieved across the insulator-metal phase transition of VO2. Particularly, the absorption of the A-peak can be tuned from 99.4% to 46.9%, while the absorption of the B-peak can be tuned from 39.6% to 99.3%. This work would provide significance for the design of flexible THz smart devices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-6732
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/photonics10060621
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2770002-1
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  • 6
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    Neural Network Prediction Model for Sinter Mixture Water Content Based on KPCA-GA Optimization
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Metals Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-07-30), p. 1287-
    Details
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-07-30), p. 1287-
    Abstract: The design and optimization of a sinter mixture moisture controlling system usually require complex process mechanisms and time-consuming field experimental simulations. Based on BP neural networks, a new KPCA-GA optimization method is proposed to predict the mixture moisture content sequential values with time more accurately so as to derive the optimal water addition to meet industrial requirements. Firstly, the normalized input variables affecting the output were dimensionalized using kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), and the contribution rates of the factors affecting the water content were analyzed. Then, a BP neural network model was established. In order to get rid of the randomness of the initial threshold and weights on the prediction accuracy of the model, a genetic algorithm is proposed to preferentially find the optimal initial threshold and weights for the model. Then, statistical indicators, such as the root mean square error, were used to evaluate the fit and prediction accuracy of the training and test data sets, respectively. The available experimental data show that the KPCA-GA model has high fitting and prediction accuracy, and the method has significant advantages over traditional neural network modeling methods when dealing with data sets with complex nonlinear characteristics, such as those from the sintering process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/met12081287
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662252-X
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  • 7
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    Two-Stream Dense Feature Fusion Network Based on RGB-D Data for the Real-Time Prediction of Weed Aboveground Fresh Weight in a Field Environment
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-06-11), p. 2288-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-06-11), p. 2288-
    Abstract: The aboveground fresh weight of weeds is an important indicator that reflects their biomass and physiological activity and directly affects the criteria for determining the amount of herbicides to apply. In precision agriculture, the development of models that can accurately locate weeds and predict their fresh weight can provide visual support for accurate, variable herbicide application in real time. In this work, we develop a two-stream dense feature fusion convolutional network model based on RGB-D data for the real-time prediction of the fresh weight of weeds. A data collection method is developed for the compilation and production of RGB-D data sets. The acquired images undergo data enhancement, and a depth transformation data enhancement method suitable for depth data is proposed. The main idea behind the approach in this study is to use the YOLO-V4 model to locate weeds and use the two-stream dense feature fusion network to predict their aboveground fresh weight. In the two-stream dense feature fusion network, DenseNet and NiN methods are used to construct a Dense-NiN-Block structure for deep feature extraction and fusion. The Dense-NiN-Block module was embedded in five convolutional neural networks for comparison, and the best results were achieved with DenseNet201. The test results show that the predictive ability of the convolutional network using RGB-D as the input is better than that of the network using RGB as the input without the Dense-NiN-Block module. The mAP of the proposed network is 75.34% (IoU value of 0.5), the IoU is 86.36%, the detection speed of the fastest model with a RTX2080Ti NVIDIA graphics card is 17.8 fps, and the average relative error is approximately 4%. The model proposed in this paper can provide visual technical support for precise, variable herbicide application. The model can also provide a reference method for the non-destructive prediction of crop fresh weight in the field and can contribute to crop breeding and genetic improvement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs13122288
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 8
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    Re-Visiting the Quantification of Hematite by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Minerals Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-07-11), p. 872-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-07-11), p. 872-
    Abstract: Hematite concentration is an important climatic proxy for environmental (climatic) studies of soils and sediments. However, the accurate quantification of naturally occurring hematite has always been a difficult question, especially for those areas with lower hematite concentrations. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is an effective method for hematite identification and quantification with lower detection limits. In this study, we synthesized a set of samples with well-determined concentrations to explore the exact detectable range of hematite and propose the most effective transfer function between the DRS proxy and hematite concentration. In addition, natural sediments from Inland Asia and the Western Pacific Ocean were used to further test the feasibility of the new transfer function. Results show that the lowest DRS detection limit for hematite could reach ~0.00078%, but is affected by the natural matrix. We also find that the second derivative of the Kubelka–Munk (K–M) function is monotonically correlated with the hematite concentration (0.00078%–100%), but ambiguities exist for the first derivative. Therefore, the second derivative of the K–M function is highly suggested for the hematite quantification, especially when concentration exhibits a wide range of variations. This study provides important references for the application of hematite proxy and promotes the popularization and development of the DRS method.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min12070872
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655947-X
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  • 9
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    Antibacterial Activity of Juglone against Staphylococcus aureus: From Apparent to Proteomic
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 17, No. 6 ( 2016-06-18), p. 965-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 6 ( 2016-06-18), p. 965-
    Abstract: The proportion of foodborne disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms is rising worldwide, with staphylococcal food poisoning being one of the main causes of this increase. Juglone is a plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities. However, the specific mechanism underlying its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus remains unclear. To elucidate the mechanism underlying its antibacterial activity, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation methods of quantitative proteomics were applied for analysis of the 53 proteins that were differentially expressed after treatment with juglone. Combined with verification experiments, such as detection of changes in DNA and RNA content and quantification of oxidative damage, our results suggested that juglone effectively increased the protein expression of oxidoreductase and created a peroxidative environment within the cell, significantly reducing cell wall formation and increasing membrane permeability. We hypothesize that juglone binds to DNA and reduces DNA transcription and replication directly. This is the first study to adopt a proteomic approach to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of juglone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060965
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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