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  • MDPI AG  (97)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    A Mononuclear Iron(II) Spin-Crossover Molecule Decorated by Photochromic Azobenzene Group
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 5 ( 2022-02-27), p. 1571-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 5 ( 2022-02-27), p. 1571-
    Abstract: Aiming at constructing photoresponsive spin crossover (SCO) behavior, herein we designed a new ligand Abtz (Abtz = (E)-N-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)phenyl)-1-(thiazol-4-yl)methanimine) which was decorated by a photochromic azobenzene group. Based on this photochromic ligand, a mononuclear Fe(II) SCO molecule [Fe(Abtz)3](BF4)2·(EAC)2 (1, EAC = ethyl acetate) was successfully synthesized and showed a complete one-step SCO behavior. Under continuous UV light and blue-light exposure, the cis–trans photoisomerization of both ligand Abtz and compound 1 in the liquid phase was confirmed through UV–Vis spectra. Moreover, the 1H-NMR spectra of Abtz reveal a trans–cis conversion ratio of 37%. Although the UV–Vis spectra reveal the photochromic behavior for 1 in the solution phase, the SCO behavior in the liquid state is absent according to the variable-temperature Evans method, suggesting the possible decomposition. Moreover, in the solid state, the cis–trans photoisomerization of both Abtz and 1 was not observed, due to the steric hindrance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051571
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 2
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    Effects of Different Forage Types on Rumen Fermentation, Microflora, and Production Performance in Peak-Lactation Dairy Cows
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Fermentation Vol. 8, No. 10 ( 2022-10-02), p. 507-
    Details
    In: Fermentation, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 10 ( 2022-10-02), p. 507-
    Abstract: Forages are vital in maintaining the dietary structures of ruminants, and reducing their costs is important for improving dairy production efficiency. Thus, this study investigated the effects of dietary forage types on dry matter intake, production, rumen fermentation, and the microbial profile in peak-lactating cows. Eight cows (600 ± 25 kg) with days in milk (60 ± 10 days) were assigned to four groups using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design: OG (oat hay + alfalfa hay + corn silage + concentrate), CW (Leymus chinensis + alfalfa hay + corn silage + concentrate), AS (alfalfa silage + oat hay + corn silage + concentrate), and AC (alkali-treated corn straw + alfalfa hay + corn silage + concentrate). The ruminal butyrate acid concentration was lower in the OG group than in the AS and AC groups post-feeding (12 h; p 〈 0.05). Ruminal NH3-N content was higher in the AS group than in the AC and CW groups post-feeding (9 h; p 〈 0.05). The percentage of ruminal Oscillospira and unknown microbes was higher in the CW group than in the other groups (p 〈 0.05). The total rumination time and rumination time per dry matter intake of AC were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p 〈 0.05). Milk lactose content in the AS group was highest among the groups (p 〈 0.05), and milk fat content was higher in the OG group than in the CW group (all p 〈 0.05). Overall, our results suggested that the butyrate acid content of forage from oat hay in rumen fermentation was significantly lower than that of calcium oxide and alfalfa silage sources when the dietary nutrition level was similar. The diet derived from L. chinensis increased the number of fibrillation helices related to fiber-decomposing bacteria and simultaneously increased unknown strains. Forage derived from alfalfa silage tended to increase milk protein levels. Alkali-treated corn straw could significantly increase the total rumination time and unit dry matter rumination time of dairy cows, which plays an important role in maintaining rumen health. The rational use of low-quality forage has broad prospects in China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-5637
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100507
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813985-9
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  • 3
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    A Facile Electrochemical Sensor Labeled by Ferrocenoyl Cysteine Conjugate for the Detection of Nitrite in Pickle Juice
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sensors Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2019-01-11), p. 268-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2019-01-11), p. 268-
    Abstract: Simple and facile electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection were fabricated by directly depositing ferrocenoyl cysteine conjugates Fc[CO-Cys(Trt)-OMe]2 [Fc(Cys)2] or Fc[CO-Glu-Cys-Gly-OH] [Fc-ECG] on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). The modified carbon electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Results indicated that Fc-ECG/SPE sensor showed enhanced current response and a lower overpotential than Fc(Cys)2/SPE sensor for nitrite detection. Optimal operating conditions were estimated for nitrite detection by DPV. The concentration of nitrite showed a good linear relationship with the current response in the range of 1.0–50 μmol·L−1 and with 0.3 μmol·L−1 as the concentration for limit of detection. There were no interferences from most common ions. The development of this electrochemical sensor was used for nitrite detection in pickled juice with a R.S.D. lower than 2.1% and average recovery lower than 101.5%, which indicated that disposable electrochemical sensor system can be applied for rapid and precise nitrite detection in foods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s19020268
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
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    Investigation of Lethal Concurrent Outbreak of Chlamydiosis and Pigeon Circovirus in a Zoo
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Animals Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-02), p. 1654-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-02), p. 1654-
    Abstract: During the spring, an outbreak of sudden death involving 58 birds occurred in a zoo. Histopathological examinations revealed variable numbers of intracytoplasmic basophilic microorganisms in the macrophages, hepatocytes, and renal epithelium of most birds, along with occasional botryoid intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within histiocytes in the bursa of Fabricius. Based on the results of histopathological examinations, immunohistochemical staining, transmission electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reactions, genotype B Chlamydia psittaci infection concurrent with pigeon circovirus (PiCV) was diagnosed. A retrospective survey, including two years before the outbreak and the outbreak year, of C. psittaci and PiCV infections of dead birds in the aviaries, revealed that the outbreak was an independent episode. The findings of this study indicate that concurrent infection with C. psittaci and PiCV might lead to lethal outbreaks of chlamydiosis, particularly Streptopelia orientalis. In addition, persistently monitoring both pathogens and identifying potential PiCV carriers or transmitters might also help prevent lethal disease outbreaks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani11061654
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 5
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    CLIP-Driven Prototype Network for Few-Shot Semantic Segmentation
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Entropy Vol. 25, No. 9 ( 2023-09-18), p. 1353-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 25, No. 9 ( 2023-09-18), p. 1353-
    Abstract: Recent research has shown that visual–text pretrained models perform well in traditional vision tasks. CLIP, as the most influential work, has garnered significant attention from researchers. Thanks to its excellent visual representation capabilities, many recent studies have used CLIP for pixel-level tasks. We explore the potential abilities of CLIP in the field of few-shot segmentation. The current mainstream approach is to utilize support and query features to generate class prototypes and then use the prototype features to match image features. We propose a new method that utilizes CLIP to extract text features for a specific class. These text features are then used as training samples to participate in the model’s training process. The addition of text features enables model to extract features that contain richer semantic information, thus making it easier to capture potential class information. To better match the query image features, we also propose a new prototype generation method that incorporates multi-modal fusion features of text and images in the prototype generation process. Adaptive query prototypes were generated by combining foreground and background information from the images with the multi-modal support prototype, thereby allowing for a better matching of image features and improved segmentation accuracy. We provide a new perspective to the task of few-shot segmentation in multi-modal scenarios. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed method achieves excellent results on two common datasets, PASCAL-5i and COCO-20i.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e25091353
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 6
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    Distribution of Dermacentor silvarum and Associated Pathogens: Meta-Analysis of Global Published Data and a Field Survey in China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2021-04-22), p. 4430-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2021-04-22), p. 4430-
    Abstract: Dermacentor silvarum is an obligate blood sucking arthropod and transmits various pathogens to humans and domestic animals. Recently several new viruses were detected in D. silvarum as an emerging disease threat. In this study, we aimed to analyze its geographical distribution and associated pathogens. Data were collected from multiple sources, including a field survey, reference book, and literature review. We searched various electronic databases with the terms “Dermacentor silvarum” OR “D. silvarum” for studies published since 1963 and the positive rates for Dermacentor silvarum-associated pathogens were estimated by meta-analysis. D. silvarum was found only in four countries in Eurasia, ranging from 22° N to 57° N latitude. At least 20 human pathogens were associated with D. silvarum, including five species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, three species in the family of Anaplasmataceae, three genospecies in the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Francisella tularensis, Babesia venatorum, Coxiella buenetii, Borrelia miyamotoi, and five species of virus. Among them, Rickettsia raoultii was widely detected in D. silvarum, showing the highest pooled positive rate (25.15%; 95% CI 13.31–39.27). Our work presents the most comprehensive data and analysis (to our knowledge) for the geographical distribution of D. silvarum and associated pathogens, revealing an emerging threat to public health and stocking farming. Continued surveillance and further investigations should be enhanced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094430
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 7
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    Overview of the Observing System and Initial Scientific Accomplishments of the East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Galaxies Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-12-07), p. 113-
    Details
    In: Galaxies, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-12-07), p. 113-
    Abstract: The East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN) is an international VLBI facility in East Asia and is operated under mutual collaboration between East Asian countries, as well as part of Southeast Asian and European countries. EAVN currently consists of 16 radio telescopes and three correlators located in China, Japan, and Korea, and is operated mainly at three frequency bands, 6.7, 22, and 43 GHz with the longest baseline length of 5078 km, resulting in the highest angular resolution of 0.28 milliarcseconds at 43 GHz. One of distinct capabilities of EAVN is multi-frequency simultaneous data reception at nine telescopes, which enable us to employ the frequency phase transfer technique to obtain better sensitivity at higher observing frequencies. EAVN started its open-use program in the second half of 2018, providing a total observing time of more than 1100 h in a year. EAVN fills geographical gap in global VLBI array, resulting in enabling us to conduct contiguous high-resolution VLBI observations. EAVN has produced various scientific accomplishments especially in observations toward active galactic nuclei, evolved stars, and star-forming regions. These activities motivate us to initiate launch of the ’Global VLBI Alliance’ to provide an opportunity of VLBI observation with the longest baselines on the earth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4434
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/galaxies10060113
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2691049-4
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  • 8
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    Identification of Fatty Acid Desaturase 6 in Golden Pompano Trachinotus Ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) and Its Regulation by the PPARαb Transcription Factor
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2018-12-21), p. 23-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 1 ( 2018-12-21), p. 23-
    Abstract: Fatty acid desaturases are rate-limiting enzymes in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha b (PPARαb) regulates lipid metabolism in mammals, however, the mechanism whereby PPARαb regulates fatty acid desaturases is largely unknown in fish. In this study, we report the full length cDNA sequence of Trachinotus ovatus fatty acid desaturase, which encodes a 380 amino acid polypeptide, possessing three characteristic histidine domains. Phylogenetic and gene exon/intron structure analyses showed typical phylogeny: the T. ovatus fatty acid desaturase contained a highly conserved exon/intron architecture. Moreover, functional characterization by heterologous expression in yeast indicated that T. ovatus desaturase was a fatty acid desaturase, with Δ4/Δ5/Δ8 Fad activity. Promoter activity assays indicated that ToFads6 desaturase transcription was positively regulated by PPARαb. Similarly, PPARαb RNA interference decreased ToPPARαb and ToFads6 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner. Mutation analyses showed that the M2 binding site of PPARαb was functionally important for protein binding, and transcriptional activity of the ToFads6 promoter was significantly decreased after targeted mutation of M2. Electrophoretic mobile shift assays confirmed that PPARαb interacted with the binding site of the ToFads6 promoter region, to regulate ToFads6 transcription. In summary, PPARαb played a vital role in ToFads6 regulation and may promote the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by regulating ToFads6 expression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010023
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 9
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    Toll-Like Receptor 5 of Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758): Characterization, Promoter Activity and Functional Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 16 ( 2020-08-18), p. 5916-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 16 ( 2020-08-18), p. 5916-
    Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as important pattern recognition receptors, represent a significant component of fish immune systems and play an important role in resisting the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. The TLR5 subfamily contains two types of TLR5, the membrane form of TLR5 (TLR5M) and the soluble form of TLR5 (TLR5S), whose detailed functions have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we first identified two genes, TLR5M (ToTLR5M) and TLR5S (ToTLR5S), from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). The full-length ToTLR5M and ToTLR5S cDNA are 3644 bp and 2329 bp, respectively, comprising an open reading frame (ORF) of 2673 bp, encoding 890 amino acids, and an ORF of 1935 bp, encoding 644 amino acids. Both the ToTLR5s possess representative TLR domains; however, only ToTLR5M has transmembrane and intracellular TIR domains. Moreover, the transcription of two ToTLR5s was significantly upregulated after stimulation by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and flagellin in both immune-related tissues (liver, intestine, blood, kidney, and skin) and nonimmune-related tissue (muscle). Furthermore, the results of bioinformatic and promoter analysis show that the transcription factors GATA-1 (GATA Binding Protein 1), C/EBPalpha (CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha), and ICSBP (Interferon (IFN) consensus sequence binding protein) may play a positive role in moderating the expression of two ToTLR5s. Overexpression of ToTLR5M and ToTLR5S notably increases NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) activity. Additionally, the binding assay revealed that two rToTLR5s can bind specifically to bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) containing Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio vulnificus, Escherichia coli, Photobacterium damselae, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, LPS, poly(I:C), flagellin, and peptidoglycan (PGN). In conclusion, the present study may help to elucidate the function of ToTLR5M/S and clarify their possible roles in the fish immune response to bacterial infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165916
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 10
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    Functional Analysis of IRF1 Reveals its Role in the Activation of the Type I IFN Pathway in Golden Pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 7 ( 2020-04-10), p. 2652-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 7 ( 2020-04-10), p. 2652-
    Abstract: Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a transcription factor with a novel helix–turn–helix DNA-binding domain, plays a crucial role in innate immunity by regulating the type I IFN signaling pathway. However, the regulatory mechanism through which IRF1 regulates type I IFN in fish is not yet elucidated. In the present study, IRF1 was characterized from golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (designated ToIRF1), and its immune function was identified to elucidate the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ToIFNa3. The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of IRF1 is 1763 bp, including a 900-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 299-amino-acid polypeptide. The putative protein sequence has 42.7–71.7% identity to fish IRF1 and possesses a representative conserved domain (a DNA-binding domain (DBD) at the N-terminus). The genomic DNA sequence of ToIRF1 consists of eight exons and seven introns. Moreover, ToIRF1 is constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, with higher levels being observed in immune-relevant tissues (whole blood, gill, and skin). Additionally, Cryptocaryon irritans challenge in vivo increases ToIRF1 expression in the skin as determined by Western blotting (WB); however, protein levels of ToIRF1 in the gill did not change significantly. The subcellular localization indicates that ToIRF1 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm with or without polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) induction. Furthermore, overexpression of ToIRF1 or ToIFNa3 shows that ToIRF1 can notably activate ToIFNa3 and interferon signaling molecule expression. Promoter sequence analysis finds that several interferon stimulating response element (ISRE) binding sites are present in the promoter of ToIFNa3. Additionally, truncation, point mutation, and electrophoretic mobile shift (EMSA) assays confirmed that ToIRF1 M5 ISRE binding sites are functionally important for ToIFNa3 transcription. These results may help to illuminate the roles of teleost IRF1 in the transcriptional mechanisms of type I IFN in the immune process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072652
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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