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  • MDPI AG  (48)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Potato Visual Navigation Line Detection Based on Deep Learning and Feature Midpoint Adaptation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09-01), p. 1363-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09-01), p. 1363-
    Abstract: Potato machinery has become more intelligent thanks to advancements in autonomous navigation technology. The effect of crop row segmentation directly affects the subsequent extraction work, which is an important part of navigation line detection. However, the shape differences of crops in different growth periods often lead to poor image segmentation. In addition, noise such as field weeds and light also affect it, and these problems are difficult to address using traditional threshold segmentation methods. To this end, this paper proposes an end-to-end potato crop row detection method. The first step is to replace the original U-Net’s backbone feature extraction structure with VGG16 to segment the potato crop rows. Secondly, a fitting method of feature midpoint adaptation is proposed, which can realize the adaptive adjustment of the vision navigation line position according to the growth shape of a potato. The results show that the method used in this paper has strong robustness and can accurately detect navigation lines in different potato growth periods. Furthermore, compared with the original U-Net model, the crop row segmentation accuracy is improved by 3%, and the average deviation of the fitted navigation lines is 2.16°, which is superior to the traditional visual guidance method.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12091363
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    Ammonium Reactive Migration Process and Functional Bacteria Response along Lateral Runoff Path under Groundwater Exploitation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-14), p. 8609-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-14), p. 8609-
    Abstract: In order to elucidate the importance of biogeochemical interactions between NH4+ and aquifer media in groundwater runoff paths, a dynamic monitoring section in the riverbank zone, which is most sensitive to environmental characteristics and perpendicular to the flow direction of the Songhua River in northeastern China, was selected for field experiments in this study. The results indicated that the NH4+ concentration decreased gradually along the groundwater runoff path under exploitation conditions. The NH4+ concentrations of J1, J2, and J3 decreased by 8%, 18%, and 22%, respectively, as compared to the starting concentration of 1.3 mg/L. Adsorption of NH4+ by aquifer media at different depths is a monolayer adsorption process in accordance with pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The maximum reduction of NH4+ from the aquifer media from top to bottom was 76%, 67%, 56%, and 42%, respectively. The function and activity of dominant functional bacteria have characteristics of coevolution with the NH4+ transformation process. The main genera in the fluctuation zone are Pseudomonas (8.83%) and Acinetobacter (4.37%), which mainly transform NH4+ by heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification (HN–AD). The main genera in the saturated zone are Flavobacterium (32.60%) and Sphingobium (3.54%), which mainly transform NH4+ by anaerobic denitrification. The spatial variations of species and abundance for NH4+ transformation functional bacteria decrease by 2.74% and 3.47%, respectively, along groundwater runoff paths. In the vertical and horizontal directions of groundwater runoff, the percentage of adsorption in NH4+ transformation gradually decreased and the percentage of biotransformation gradually increased. The adsorption processes in the O2/NO3− reduction, Fe/Mn reduction, and SO42− reduction zones were 20.7%, 3.6%, and 1.0%, respectively. The corresponding proportions of the biotransformation process were 79.3%, 96.4%, and 99.0%. This research is critical for elucidating the bio-geochemical interaction between NH4+ and aquifer media along the course of groundwater runoff in order to offer a scientific basis for the prevention and management of groundwater nitrogen pollution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14148609
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sesquiterpene Lactones and Their Derivatives Inhibit High Glucose-Induced NF-κB Activation and MCP-1 and TGF-β1 Expression in Rat Mesangial Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2013
    In:  Molecules Vol. 18, No. 10 ( 2013-10-21), p. 13061-13077
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 10 ( 2013-10-21), p. 13061-13077
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules181013061
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 4
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    Male and Female Plants of Salix viminalis Perform Similarly to Flooding in Morphology, Anatomy, and Physiology
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Forests Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2020-03-14), p. 321-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2020-03-14), p. 321-
    Abstract: Salix viminalis L., a dioecious species, is widely distributed in riparian zones, and flooding is one of the most common abiotic stresses that this species suffers. In this study, we investigated the morphological, anatomical, and physiological responses of male vs. female plants of S. viminalis to flooding. The results showed that the plant height and root collar diameter were stimulated by flooding treatment, which corresponded with higher dry weight of the stem and leaf. However, the dry weight of the underground part decreased, which might be due to the primary root having stopped growing. The little-influenced net photosynthesis rate (Pn) under flooding treatment could guarantee rapid growth of the aboveground part, while the unaffected leaf anatomical structure and photosynthetic pigment contents could ensure the normal operation of photosynthetic apparatus. Under a flooding environment, the production ratio of superoxide free radical (O2∙-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased, indicating that the cell membrane was damaged and oxidative stress was induced. At the same time, the antioxidant enzyme system, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and osmotic adjustment substances, involving proline (Pro) and solute protein (SP), began to play a positive role in resisting flooding stress. Different from our expectation, the male and female plants of S. viminalis performed similarly under flooding, and no significant differences were discovered. The results indicate that both male and female plants of S. viminalis are tolerant to flooding. Thus, both male and female plants of S. viminalis could be planted in frequent flooding zones.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f11030321
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 5
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    Engineering Mesoporous NiO with Enriched Electrophilic Ni3+ and O− toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 8, No. 8 ( 2018-07-30), p. 310-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 8 ( 2018-07-30), p. 310-
    Abstract: Tremendous efforts have been devoted to develop low-cost and highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we report the synthesis of mesoporous nickel oxide by the template method and its application in the title reaction. The as-prepared mesoporous NiO possesses a large surface area, uniform mesopores, and rich surface electrophilic Ni3+ and O− species. The overpotential of meso-NiO in alkaline medium is 132 mV at 10 mA cm−1 and 410 mV at 50 mA cm−1, which is much smaller than that of the other types of NiO samples. The improvement in the OER activity can be ascribed to the synergy of the large surface area and uniform mesopores for better mass transfer and high density of Ni3+ and O− species favoring the nucleophilic attack by OH− to form a NiOOH intermediate. The reaction process and the role of electrophilic Ni3+ and O− were discussed in detail. This results are more conducive to the electrochemical decomposition of water to produce hydrogen fuel as a clean and renewable energy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal8080310
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 6
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    Real-Time Detection of Crops with Dense Planting Using Deep Learning at Seedling Stage
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-05-30), p. 1503-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-05-30), p. 1503-
    Abstract: Crop seedlings are similar in appearance to weeds, making crop detection extremely difficult. To solve the problem of detecting crop seedlings in complex field environments, a seedling dataset with four crops was constructed in this study. The single leaf labeling method was proposed as an alternative to conventional labeling approaches to improve the detection accuracy for dense planting crops. Second, a seedling detection network based on YOLOv5 and a transformer mechanism was proposed, and the effects of three features (query, key and value) in the transformer mechanism on the detection accuracy were explored in detail. Finally, the seedling detection network was optimized into a lightweight network. The experimental results show that application of the single leaf labeling method could improve the mAP0.5 of the model by 1.2% and effectively solve the problem of missed detection. By adding the transformer mechanism module, the mAP0.5 was improved by 1.5%, enhancing the detection capability of the model for dense and obscured targets. In the end, this study found that query features had the least impact on the transformer mechanism, and the optimized model improved the computation speed by 23 ms·frame−1 on the intelligent computing platform Jetson TX2, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for real-time seedling management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13061503
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 7
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    Preparation of Hierarchical Co/Beta Catalyst and Its Application in Hydrogenation of CO to Aviation Kerosene
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Crystals Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 1053-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-03), p. 1053-
    Abstract: Due to the increasing depletion of petroleum resources, the production route of non-oil-based aviation kerosene has been paid more and more attention. In this regard, the process of preparing aviation kerosene from syngas (CO and H2) is one of the most promising industrial alternative fuel production routes. The traditional syngas-to-aviation kerosene catalyst uses iron-based and cobalt-based catalysts, which is a complex process with a high cost. In this work, a hierarchical Co/Beta metal-zeolite bifunctional catalyst prepared via the melting method is reported, which can directly and highly selectively produce an aviation kerosene component from syngas (CO and H2). Compared with the catalyst prepared via the impregnation method, the Co/Beta catalyst prepared via the melting method has smaller, more highly dispersed Co metal active species and more suitable acid properties, the conversion of CO can reach 34.6%, and the selectivity of the C8-C16 aviation kerosene component can reach 40.2%, which provides a new idea for the industrial production of aviation kerosene.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst13071053
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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  • 8
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    Antifungal Effect of Magnolol and Honokiol from Magnolia officinalis on Alternaria alternata Causing Tobacco Brown Spot
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Molecules Vol. 24, No. 11 ( 2019-06-06), p. 2140-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 11 ( 2019-06-06), p. 2140-
    Abstract: In this study, two phenol compounds, magnolol and honokiol, were extracted from Magnolia officinalis and identified by LC-MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR. The magnolol and honokiol were shown to be effective against seven pathogenic fungi, including Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl, Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom, Alternaria dauci f.sp. solani, Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld, Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., Valsa mali Miyabe & G. Yamada, and Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn, with growth inhibition of more than 57%. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying the potential antifungal activity of magnolol and honokiol. The results showed that they inhibited the growth of A. alternata in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, magnolol and honokiol treatment resulted in distorted mycelia and increased the cell membrane permeability of A. alternata, as determined by conductivity measurements. These results suggest that magnolol and honokiol are potential antifungal agents for application against plant fungal diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112140
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 9
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    BadDGA: Backdoor Attack on LSTM-Based Domain Generation Algorithm Detector
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Electronics Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-01), p. 736-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-01), p. 736-
    Abstract: Due to the outstanding performance of deep neural networks (DNNs), many researchers have begun to transfer deep learning techniques to their fields. To detect algorithmically generated domains (AGDs) generated by domain generation algorithm (DGA) in botnets, a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based DGA detector has achieved excellent performance. However, the previous DNNs have found various inherent vulnerabilities, so cyberattackers can use these drawbacks to deceive DNNs, misleading DNNs into making wrong decisions. Backdoor attack as one of the popular attack strategies strike against DNNs has attracted widespread attention in recent years. In this paper, to cheat the LSTM-based DGA detector, we propose BadDGA, a backdoor attack against the LSTM-based DGA detector. Specifically, we offer four backdoor attack trigger construction methods: TLD-triggers, Ngram-triggers, Word-triggers, and IDN-triggers. Finally, we evaluate BadDGA on ten popular DGA datasets. The experimental results show that under the premise of 1‰ poisoning rate, our proposed backdoor attack can achieve a 100% attack success rate to verify the effectiveness of our method. Meanwhile, the model’s utility on clean data is influenced slightly.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics12030736
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 10
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    Molecular Modeling Study for the Design of Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonists Using 3D-QSAR and Molecular Docking
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-02-23), p. 630-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-02-23), p. 630-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020630
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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