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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Risk Assessment for Heroin Use and Craving Score Using Polygenic Risk Score
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-04-01), p. 259-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-04-01), p. 259-
    Abstract: Addiction is characterized by drug-craving, compulsive drug-taking, and relapse, and results from the interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors. Reward pathways play an important role in mediating drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors, and relapse. The objective of this study was to identify heroin addicts who carry specific genetic variants in their dopaminergic reward systems. A total of 326 heroin-dependent patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) were recruited from the Addiction Center of the China Medical University Hospital. A heroin-use and craving questionnaire was used to evaluate the urge for heroin, the daily or weekly frequency of heroin usage, daily life disturbance, anxiety, and the ability to overcome heroin use. A general linear regression model was used to assess the associations of genetic polymorphisms in one’s dopaminergic reward system with heroin-use and craving scores. Results: The most significant results were obtained for rs2240158 in GRIN3B (p = 0.021), rs3983721 in GRIN3A (p = 0.00326), rs2129575 in TPH2 (p = 0.033), rs6583954 in CYP2C19 (p = 0.033), and rs174699 in COMT (p = 0.036). These were all associated with heroin-using and craving scores with and without adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index. We combined five variants, and the ensuing dose-response effect indicated that heroin-craving scores increased with the numbers of risk alleles (p for trend = 0.0008). These findings will likely help us to understand the genetic mechanism of craving, which will help in predicting the risk of relapse in clinical practice and the potential for therapies to target craving in heroin addiction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040259
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662248-8
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  • 2
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    Olanzapine Induced Dysmetabolic Changes Involving Tissue Chromium Mobilization in Female Rats
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2019-02-01), p. 640-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2019-02-01), p. 640-
    Abstract: Atypical antipsychotics, such as olanzapine, are commonly prescribed to patients with schizophrenic symptoms and other psychiatric disorders. However, weight gain and metabolic disturbance cause adverse effects, impair patient compliance and limit clinical utility. Thus, a better understanding of treatment-acquired adverse effects and identification of targets for therapeutic intervention are believed to offer more clinical benefits for patients with schizophrenia. Beyond its nutritional effects, studies have indicated that supplementation of chromium brings about beneficial outcomes against numerous metabolic disorders. In this study, we investigated whether olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic disturbance involved chromium dynamic mobilization in a female Sprague-Dawley rat model, and whether a dietary supplement of chromium improved olanzapine-acquired adverse effects. Olanzapine medicated rats experienced weight gain and adiposity, as well as the development of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation. The olanzapine-induced metabolic disturbance was accompanied by a decrease in hepatic Akt and AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) actions, as well as an increase in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), along with tissue chromium depletion. A daily intake of chromium supplements increased tissue chromium levels and thermogenic uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression in white adipose tissues, as well as improved both post-olanzapine weight gain and metabolic disturbance. Our findings suggest that olanzapine medicated rats showed a disturbance of tissue chromium homeostasis by inducing tissue depletion and urinary excretion. This loss may be an alternative mechanism responsible for olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic disturbance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030640
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Using Text Mining and Data Visualization Approaches for Investigating Mental Illness from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Medicina Vol. 59, No. 2 ( 2023-01-18), p. 196-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 59, No. 2 ( 2023-01-18), p. 196-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives. Anxiety and depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders, and due to the COVID-19 pandemic, more people are suffering from anxiety and depressive disorders, and a considerable fraction of COVID-19 survivors have a variety of persistent neuropsychiatric problems after the initial infection. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) offers a different perspective on mental disorders from Western biomedicine. Effective management of mental disorders has become an increasing concern in recent decades due to the high social and economic costs involved. This study attempts to express and ontologize the relationships between different mental disorders and physical organs from the perspective of TCM, so as to bridge the gap between the unique terminology used in TCM and a medical professional. Materials and Methods. Natural language processing (NLP) is introduced to quantify the importance of different mental disorder descriptions relative to the five depots and two palaces, stomach and gallbladder, through the classical medical text Huangdi Neijing and construct a mental disorder ontology based on the TCM classic text. Results. The results demonstrate that our proposed framework integrates NLP and data visualization, enabling clinicians to gain insights into mental health, in addition to biomedicine. According to the results of the relationship analysis of mental disorders, depots, palaces, and symptoms, the organ/depot most related to mental disorders is the heart, and the two most important emotion factors associated with mental disorders are anger and worry & think. The mental disorders described in TCM are related to more than one organ (depot/palace). Conclusion. This study complements recent research delving into co-relations or interactions between mental status and other organs and systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020196
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088820-X
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  • 4
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    Investigation of the Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment on Maxillary Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Literature Review
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 19 ( 2021-09-29), p. 4480-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 19 ( 2021-09-29), p. 4480-
    Abstract: Aim: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) occurs after exposure to medication (antiresorptive or antiangiogenic agents) for bone-related complications. It is more common in the mandible than in the maxilla. The present study investigated maxillary MRONJ in elderly patients through a meta-analysis. Methods: Keywords, including “MRONJ”, “maxilla”, and “surgery”, were entered into databases, including Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest, which were searched systematically. Results: Investigating 77 studies, we found that 18 (2 case reports and 16 case series) papers conformed to the standards. The results revealed a 2.6:1 female-to-male ratio of disease occurrence. The average age of patients was 70.6 ± 5.5 years, and most patients were in the third stage (43.6%). The average time of medication usage was 50.0 ± 20.1 months. The pooled proportion of clinical efficacy of surgery was 86%. Conclusion: To prevent and manage MRONJ, all elderly patients should maintain proper oral hygiene and receive dental examinations regularly. Risk assessment and safety management of MRONJ should be performed by medical teams.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194480
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    The Effectiveness of a Board Game-Based Oral Hygiene Education Program on Oral Hygiene Knowledge and Plaque Index of Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Pilot Study
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2021-01-22), p. 946-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2021-01-22), p. 946-
    Abstract: An oral hygiene board game was designed as an intervention tool and applied to explore the effectiveness for the oral health related knowledge (OHK) score and plaque index (PI) of adults with intellectual disability (ID). This one-group pre/post-test design study was conducted in a residential long-term care facility for 42 participants. The study had one pre-test (baseline) and three post-tests evaluated in both control and intervention stages, respectively. The participants participated in a 60-min oral hygiene board game twice a week during the intervention stage. Total OHK score and PI of the participants were recorded to determine the effectiveness of intervention. There were no differences in OHK score and PI between the two stages at baseline. The results in intervention stage demonstrated a significant gradual increase and reduction in the OHK score when compared with the control stage. A statistically significant improvement in the OHK score and PI (42.29% and −33.28%, respectively) at the end of intervention between two stages was recorded. This study proved a board game is deemed an effective education method applicable to promote the OHK and skills of ID adults.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030946
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 6
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    Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Contributes to Gefitinib-Induced Apoptosis in Glioma
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 8 ( 2021-04-11), p. 3934-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 8 ( 2021-04-11), p. 3934-
    Abstract: Adequate stress on the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) with the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) could maintain glioma malignancy. Uncontrolled ER stress, on the other hand, predisposes an apoptosis-dominant UPR program. We studied here the proapoptotic actions of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitor gefitinib, with the focus on ER stress. The study models were human H4 and U87 glioma cell lines. We found that the glioma cell-killing effects of gefitinib involved caspase 3 apoptotic cascades. Three branches of ER stress, namely Activating Transcription Factor-6 (ATF6), Protein Kinase R (PKR)-Like ER Kinase (PERK), and Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1), were activated by gefitinib, along with the elevation of intracellular free Ca2+, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and NADPH Oxidase2/4 (NOX2/4). Specifically, elevated IRE1 phosphorylation, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-Associated Factor-2 (TRAF2) expression, Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase-1 (Ask1) phosphorylation, c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, and Noxa expression appeared in gefitinib-treated glioma cells. Genetic, pharmacological, and biochemical studies further indicated an active ROS/ER stress/Ask1/JNK/Noxa axis causing the glioma apoptosis induced by gefitinib. The findings suggest that ER-stress-based therapeutic targeting could be a promising option in EGFR inhibitor glioma therapy, and may ultimately achieve a better patient response.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083934
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 7
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    CYP26A1 Is a Novel Biomarker for Betel Quid-Related Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2020-11-21), p. 982-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2020-11-21), p. 982-
    Abstract: Betel quid (BQ) has been classified as a Group I human carcinogen in light of evidence demonstrating an association with an elevated risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers. To date, the incidence rate of oral and pharynx cancers among Taiwanese men ranks the highest worldwide. However, no study has yet confirmed variants of CYP26A1 was associated with the risks of oral and pharyngeal cancers. A case-control study was conducted (n = 339). CYP26A1 polymorphism was performed using SNP assay. Real-time qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the levels of CYP26A1 expression. The cancer cell model involved treatment with arecoline. Our findings showed that the downregulation of CYP26A1 mRNA and protein expression are more frequently observed in cancerous tissues than adjacent normal tissues in patients with oral and pharynx cancers (p 〈 0.01). We found that CYP26A1 was downregulated as the arecoline dose increased. We hypothesized that lower levels of CYP26A1 mRNA expression can be utilized a clinically biomarker causes oral and pharynx cancers. Arecoline appears to modulate CYP26A1 expression through specific pathways. Carriers of CYP26A1 SNP, rs2068888 (G/G)/rs4418728 (G/G) and who have lower levels of CYP26A1 expression are associated with an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110982
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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  • 8
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    Dental Treatment Needs and Related Risk Factors among School Children with Special Needs in Taiwan
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-05-23), p. 452-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-05-23), p. 452-
    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess dental treatment needs (TNs) and related risk factors of children with disabilities (CD). This cross-sectional study recruited 484 CD, 6 to 12 years of age, from 10 special education schools in Taiwan. Dental status and TNs were examined and evaluated by well-trained dentists and based on the criteria set by the World Health Organization (1997). The results indicated that 61.78% required restorative dental treatment due to their dental caries. On average, each participant had 2.72 teeth that required treatment, and 6.38 surfaces required restoration. One-quarter of the participants (24.79%) required 1- or 2-surface restoration, and one out of three (36.98%) had more complex TNs (including 3 or more surfaces to be filled, pulp care, extraction, and more specialized care). The significant risk factors associated with restorative TNs among CD were those whose parents had lower socioeconomic status, frequent sweets intake, insufficient tooth-brushing ability, and poor oral health. Most of the CD had extensive unmet TNs for their caries and required complex treatment to recover the function of their teeth. Encouraging parents/caregivers to take their children for dental treatment, promoting awareness of the importance of dental hygiene, giving assistance to brushing their teeth after eating, and controlling and/or modifying sweet diet habits are necessary to reduce CD’s dental caries, especially those with lower socioeconomic status parents/caregivers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060452
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 9
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    Aspirin Induced Glioma Apoptosis through Noxa Upregulation
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2020-06-13), p. 4219-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2020-06-13), p. 4219-
    Abstract: Clinically, high cyclooxygenase-2 expression in malignant glioma correlates well with poor prognosis and the use of aspirin is associated with a reduced risk of glioma. To extend the current understanding of the apoptotic potential of aspirin in most cell types, this study provides evidence showing that aspirin induced glioma cell apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth, in vitro and in vivo. We found that the human H4 glioma cell-killing effects of aspirin involved mitochondria-mediated apoptosis accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, Noxa upregulation, Mcl-1 downregulation, Bax mitochondrial distribution and oligomerization, and caspase 3/caspase 8/caspase 9 activation. Genetic silencing of Noxa or Bax attenuated aspirin-induced viability loss and apoptosis, while silencing Mcl-1 augmented the effects of aspirin. Data from genetic and pharmacological studies revealed that the axis of ER stress comprised an apoptotic cascade leading to Noxa upregulation and apoptosis. The apoptotic programs and mediators triggered by aspirin in H4 cells were duplicated in human U87 glioma cell line as well as in tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice. The involvement of ER stress in indomethacin-induced Mcl-1 downregulation was reported in our previous study on glioma cells. Therefore, the aforementioned phenomena indicate that ER stress may be a valuable target for intervention in glioma apoptosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124219
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Decreased Tongue Pressure Associated with Aging, Chewing and Swallowing Difficulties of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Taiwan
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2021-07-11), p. 653-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2021-07-11), p. 653-
    Abstract: Personalized tongue pressure (TP) training focuses on improving swallowing. This study aims to establish the TP values of different age levels and compare changes between different swallowing status among community-dwelling elders. In this cross-sectional study, 1000 participants, aged 60 years old and above, were recruited from community care centers. All participants were classified into non chewing and/or swallowing difficulties (NCSD) and with chewing and/or swallowing difficulties (CSD) groups and their diseases and dieting status were recorded using a structured questionnaire. A disposable oral probe was used to measure TP by asking participants to compress it against the hard palate with maximum voluntary effort. Among 1000 elders, 63.10% had CSD and their TP (from 31.76 to 18.20 kPa) was lower than the NCSD group (from 33.56 to 24.51 kPa). Both groups showed the same tendency for TP decline with increasing age. Decline of TP makes CSD elderly have a poor appetite, eat a soft or liquid diet, and take longer to eat a meal (all p 〈 0.050). The secondary risk factor dominating TP decline for NCSD and CSD elders is having an education level less than primary school and an abnormal eating assessment, respectively. Our results demonstrated that TP decline has a significant relationship with age changes. Education level and an abnormal eating assessment score are closely associated with TP decline. A series of TP values can be used as a reference indicator of personalized medicine during the aging process among community-dwelling older adults.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070653
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662248-8
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