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  • MDPI AG  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Approaches for Detecting Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts within Web 3.0 Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Blockchains Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2023-08-23), p. 3-18
    Details
    In: Blockchains, MDPI AG, Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2023-08-23), p. 3-18
    Abstract: Smart contracts, programs running on a blockchain, play a crucial role in driving Web 3.0 across a variety of domains, such as digital finance and future networks. However, they currently face significant security vulnerabilities that could result in potential risks and losses. This paper outlines the inherent vulnerabilities of smart contracts, both those typical of their applications and those unique to Web 3.0 applications. We then systematically classify the techniques based on their core approach to detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts. Using these approaches, we conduct a comparative analysis of existing tools in terms of their vulnerability coverage, detection effectiveness, open-source availability, and integration capabilities. Finally, we present the Co-Governed Sovereignty Multi-Identifier Network (CoG-MIN) as a case study to demonstrate the significance of smart contract application security in establishing a community with a shared future in cyberspace during the Web 3.0 era and anticipate future research directions with challenges. To conclude, this study addresses the gap in integrating existing smart contract security research with the advancement of Web 3.0 development, while also providing recommendations for future research directions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2813-5288
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/blockchains1010002
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapid Classification and Quantification of Camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.) Oil Blended with Rapeseed Oil Using FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Molecules Vol. 25, No. 9 ( 2020-04-27), p. 2036-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 25, No. 9 ( 2020-04-27), p. 2036-
    Abstract: Currently, the authentication of camellia oil (CAO) has become very important due to the possible adulteration of CAO with cheaper vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil (RSO). Therefore, we report a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method for detecting the authenticity of CAO and quantifying the blended levels of RSO. In this study, two characteristic spectral bands (1119 cm−1 and 1096 cm−1) were selected and used for monitoring the purity of CAO. In combination with principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods for the detection of camellia oil adulteration were proposed. The results showed that the calculated I1119/I1096 intensity ratio facilitated an initial check for pure CAO and six other edible oils. PCA was used on the optimized spectral region of 1800–650 cm−1. We observed the classification of CAO and RSO as well as discrimination of CAO with RSO adulterants. LDA was utilized to classify CAO from RSO. We could differentiate and classify RSO adulterants up to 1% v/v. In the quantitative PLSR models, the plots of actual values versus predicted values exhibited high linearity. Root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) values of the PLSR models were 1.4518–3.3164% v/v and 1.7196–3.8136% v/v, respectively. This method was successfully applied in the classification and quantification of CAO adulteration with RSO.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092036
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Steam Explosion-Assisted Extraction of Ergosterol and Polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes (Golden Needle Mushroom) Root Waste
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Foods Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2024-06-13), p. 1860-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2024-06-13), p. 1860-
    Abstract: In this work, steam explosion (SE) was applied to prompt the rapid extraction of ergosterol and polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes root (FVR) waste. Ultrasound-assisted saponification extraction (UASE) followed by water extraction was used to prepare ergosterol and polysaccharides. The results indicated that SE destroyed the complicated structure of FVR and increased its internal porosity and surface roughness. SE caused the thermal degradation of FVR’s structural components and increased the polysaccharide content 0.97-fold. As a result, the extraction yield and efficiency of ergosterol and polysaccharides were improved. The theoretical maximum extraction concentration (C∞) and diffusion coefficient (D) were increased by 34.10% and 78.04% (ergosterol) and 27.69% and 48.67% (polysaccharides), respectively. The extraction yields obtained within 20–30 min of extraction time exceeded those of untreated samples extracted after several hours. For polysaccharides, SE led to a significant reduction in the average molecular weight, increased the percentage of uronic acids and decreased the neutral sugar percentage. The monosaccharide composition was changed by SE, with an increase in the molar ratio of glucose of 64.06% and some reductions in those of other monosaccharides. This work provides an effective method for the processing of fungi waste and adds to its economic value, supporting its high-value utilization in healthcare products.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods13121860
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In Situ Preparation of Amphibious ZnO Quantum Dots with Blue Fluorescence Based on Hyperbranched Polymers and their Application in Bio-Imaging
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Polymers Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-01-06), p. 144-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-01-06), p. 144-
    Abstract: A new strategy for preparing amphibious ZnO quantum dots (QDs) with blue fluorescence within hyper-branched poly(ethylenimine)s (HPEI) was proposed in this paper. By changing [Zn2+]/[OH−] molar ratio and heating time, ZnO QDs with a quantum yields (QY) of 30% in ethanol were obtained. Benefiting from the amphibious property of HPEI, the ZnO/HPEI nanocomposites in ethanol could be dissolved in chloroform and water, acquiring a QY of 53%, chloroform and 11% in water. By this strategy, the ZnO/HPEI nano-composites could be applied in not only in optoelectronics, but also biomedical fields (such as bio-imaging and gene transfection). The bio-imaging application of water-soluble ZnO/HPEI nanocomposites was investigated and it was found that they could easily be endocytosed by the COS-7 cells, without transfection reagent, and they exhibited excellent biological imaging behavior.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym12010144
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ecological Water Requirement of Vegetation and Water Stress Assessment in the Middle Reaches of the Keriya River Basin
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2023-09-21), p. 4638-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2023-09-21), p. 4638-
    Abstract: Desert oases are vital for maintaining the ecological balance in arid regions’ inland river basins. However, fine-grained assessments of water stress in desert oasis ecosystems are limited. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the water stress in desert oasis ecosystems in the middle reaches of the Keriya River Basin, with a specific focus on their ecological functions and optimizing water resource management. We hypothesized that evapotranspiration has significant effects on ecological water consumption. First, we estimated the actual evapotranspiration (ET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) based on the SEBS (surface energy balance system) model and remote sensing downscaling model. Then, the ecological water requirement (EWR) and ecological water stress (EWS) index were constructed to evaluate the ecological water resource utilization. Finally, we explored the influencing factors and proposed coping strategies. It was found that regions with higher ET values were mainly concentrated along the Keriya River and its adjacent farmland areas, while the lower values were observed in bare land or grassland areas. The total EWR exhibited the sequence of grassland 〉 cropland 〉 forest, while the EWR per unit area followed the opposite order. The grassland’s EWS showed a distinct seasonal response, with severe, moderate, and mild water shortages and water plenitude corresponding to spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. In contrast, the land use types with the lowest EWS were water areas that remained in a state of water plentitude grade (0.08–0.20) throughout the year. Temperature and vegetation index were identified as the primary influencing factors. Overall, this study provides a reliable method for evaluating the EWR and EWS values of basin scale vegetation, which can serve as a scientific basis for formulating water resource management and regulation policies in the region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15184638
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adaptive Industrial Control System Attack Sample Expansion Algorithm Based on Generative Adversarial Network
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2022-09-05), p. 8889-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2022-09-05), p. 8889-
    Abstract: The scarcity of attack samples is the bottleneck problem of anomaly detection of underlying business data in the industrial control system. Predecessors have done a lot of research on temporal data generation, but most of them are not suitable for industrial control attack sample generation. The change patterns of the characteristics of the underlying business data attack samples can be divided into three types: oscillation type, step type, and pulse type. This paper proposes an adaptive industrial control attack sample expansion algorithm based on GAN, which expands the three types of features in different ways. The basic network structure of data expansion adopts GAN. According to the characteristics of oscillation type changes, momentum is selected as the optimizer. Aiming at the characteristics of step type changes, the Adam optimization method is improved. For pulse type features, attack samples are generated according to the location and length of the pulse. Compared with previous time-series data generation methods, this method is more targeted for each feature and has higher similarities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12178889
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Green Space Compactness and Configuration to Reduce Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in Buildings
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 1502-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 1502-
    Abstract: Building sector consists of a major part of global energy consumption and carbon emission. Reducing energy consumption in buildings can make a substantial contribution towards the strategic goal of carbon neutrality. Building energy consumption carbon emission (BECCE) is highly correlated with microclimate. Green space has long been recognized as the natural way to improve the microclimate and reduce BECCE. However, the effective distance and optimized configuration of green space for the reduction in BECCE are hardly known. To this purpose, we developed a green space compactness (GSC) index as an indicator of microclimate around the People’s Bank, located in 59 cities across China, and used statistical, deep learning, and spatial analysis methods to obtain the most effective distance with respect to the effect of GSC on BECCE. We used hot and cold spot spatial analysis methods to detect the spatial heterogeneity of BECCE and analyzed the corresponding GCS to discover the optimal way for BECCE reduction. The results clearly showed that BECCE was highly correlated with the GSC, and the influence of GSC on BECCE was the highest at the distance of 250 m from the building. The hot and cold spots analysis suggested that BECCE has a significant spatial heterogeneity, which was much higher in the north part of China. Improving the configuration of green space for certain cities could lead to considerable emission reductions. If the BEECE is reduced from 4675 tons to 486 tons, the GSC needs to be increased from 0.39 to 0.56. The study suggests that 250 m is the most effective distance to reduce BECCE, and optimal green space configuration can provide a feasible way to mitigate carbon emissions and valuable information for the development of low-carbon cities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15061502
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity of Steroidal Saponin Isolated from Ophiopholis mirabilis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Toxics Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 137-
    Details
    In: Toxics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 137-
    Abstract: Benthic invertebrates produce secondary metabolites that serve as defenses against consumers and promote their fitness. To explore the chemical defense in marine benthic echinoderms, the chemical constituents of Ophiopholis mirabilis were investigated. A steroidal monoglycoside, asterosaponin P1, was isolated from O. mirabilis for the first-time using column chromatography. The chemical structure was characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of the isolated compound were assessed using the zebrafish embryo assay, a powerful vertebrate animal model system to study mechanisms of toxicity. When applied at high concentrations, asterosaponin P1 causes a significant increase in embryo mortality. A moderate LC50 of asterosaponin P1 appeared to be time- and concentration-dependent in its toxicity to zebrafish embryos. Teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos also included morphological defects, decreased hatchability, and a reduced heart rate. These findings revealed that steroidal saponin extracted from O. mirabilis exhibited acute toxic effects on zebrafish embryos, suggesting a potential chemical defense function in marine habitats.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6304
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020137
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733883-6
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins and Modifications Induced by Formaldehyde Using LC-MS/MS
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Separations Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2022-04-29), p. 112-
    Details
    In: Separations, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2022-04-29), p. 112-
    Abstract: Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic compound that is considered to have a carcinogenic effect due to its damage to biological macromolecules. However, the influence of FA at the protein level remains to be explored. Here, we used LC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins and modifications to proteins between FA-treated and untreated HeLa cells. Among 2021 proteins identified, 196 proteins were significantly down-regulated and 152 up-regulated. The differentially expressed proteins were further analyzed using bioinformatics tools for annotating the characterization of their localizations and functions. To evaluate the interaction of FA with proteins, we performed proteomic analysis for a mass shift of 12 Da on the side chains of lysine, cysteine and tryptophan, which are induced by FA as noticeable signals. We identified the modified proteins and sites, suggesting direct interaction between FA and proteins. Motif analysis further showed the characterization of amino acid sequences that react with FA. Cluster analysis of the modified proteins indicated that the FA-interacting networks are mostly enriched in the nuclei, ribosomes and metabolism. Our study presents the influence of FA on proteomes and modifications, offering a new insight into the mechanisms underlying FA-induced biological effects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2297-8739
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/separations9050112
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2869930-0
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Actinomycin-X2-Immobilized Silk Fibroin Film with Enhanced Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activities
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 7 ( 2023-03-27), p. 6269-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 7 ( 2023-03-27), p. 6269-
    Abstract: Actinomycin is a family of chromogenic lactone peptides that differ in their peptide portions of the molecule. An antimicrobial peptide, actinomycin X2 (Ac.X2), was produced through the fermentation of a Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus strain. Immobilization of Ac.X2 onto a prepared silk fibroin (SF) film was done through a carbodiimide reaction. The physical properties of immobilized Ac.X2 (antimicrobial films, AMFs) were analyzed by ATR-FTIR, SEM, AFM, and WCA. The findings from an in vitro study showed that AMFs had a more broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli compared with free Ac.X2, which showed no apparent strong effect against E. coli. These AMFs showed a suitable degradation rate, good hemocompatibility, and reduced cytotoxicity in the biocompatibility assay. The results of in vivo bacterially infected wound healing experiments indicated that wound inflammation was prevented by AMFs, which promoted wound repair and improved the wound microenvironment. This study revealed that Ac.X2 transformation is a potential candidate for skin wound healing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076269
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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