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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Optimal Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles under Dynamic Pricing Schemes in the Distribution Charging Network
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 23 ( 2020-12-04), p. 10160-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 23 ( 2020-12-04), p. 10160-
    Abstract: This study summarizes a critical review on EVs’ optimal charging and scheduling under dynamic pricing schemes. A detailed comparison of these schemes, namely, Real Time Pricing (RTP), Time of Use (ToU), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), and Peak Time Rebates (PTR), is presented. Globally, the intention is to reduce the carbon emissions (CO2) has motivated the extensive practice of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The uncoordinated charging and uncontrolled integration however of EVs to the distribution network deteriorates the system performance in terms of power quality issues. Therefore, the EVs’ charging activity can be coordinated by dynamic electricity pricing, which can influence the charging activities of the EVs customers by offering flexible pricing at different demands. Recently, with developments in technology and control schemes, the RTP scheme offers more promise compared to the other types of tariff because of the greater flexibility for EVs’ customers to adjust their demands. It however involves higher degree of billing instability, which may influence the customer’s confidence. In addition, the RTP scheme needs a robust intelligent automation system to improve the customer’s feedback to time varying prices. In addition, the review covers the main optimization methods employed in a dynamic pricing environment to achieve objectives such as power loss and electricity cost minimization, peak load reduction, voltage regulation, distribution infrastructure overloading minimization, etc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su122310160
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modulation of Key Physio-Biochemical and Ultrastructural Attributes after Synergistic Application of Zinc and Silicon on Rice under Cadmium Stress
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Plants Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2021-01-04), p. 87-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2021-01-04), p. 87-
    Abstract: Excessive industrialization and the usage of pesticides plague the farming soils with heavy metals, reducing the quality of arable land. Assessing phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd) from growth medium to plant system is crucial and necessitates precise and timely monitoring of Cd to ensure food safety. Zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) have singularly demonstrated the potential to ameliorate Cd toxicity and are important for agricultural production, human health, and environment in general. However, Zn-Si interaction on Cd toxicity alleviation, their effects and underlying mechanisms are still fragmentarily understood. Seven treatments were devised besides control to evaluate the single and combined effects of Zn and Si on the physio-biochemical attributes and ultrastructural fingerprints of Cd-treated rice genotypes, i.e., Cd tolerant “Xiushui-110” and Cd sensitive “HIPJ-1”. Supplementation of both Zn and Si promoted plant biomass, photosynthetic parameters, ionic balance, and improved chloroplast ultrastructure with minimized Cd uptake and malondialdehyde (MDA) content due to the activation of antioxidant enzymes in Cd stressed plants. The combined effects of 10 μM Zn and 15 μM Si on 15 μM Cd displayed a greater reduction in Cd uptake and root-leaf MDA content, while enhancing photosynthetic activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and root-leaf ultrastructure particularly in HIPJ-1, whilst Xiushui-110 had an overall higher leaf catalase (CAT) activity and a higher root length and shoot height was observed in both genotypes compared to the Cd 15 µM treatment. Alone and combined Zn and Si alleviation treatments reduced Cd translocation from the root to the stem for HIPJ-1 but not for Xiushui-110. Our results confer that Zn and Si singularly and in combination are highly effective in reducing tissue Cd content in both genotypes, the mechanism behind which could be the dilution effect of Cd due to improved biomass and competitive nature of Zn and Si, culminating in Cd toxicity alleviation. This study could open new avenues for characterizing interactive effects of simultaneously augmented nutrients in crops and provide a bench mark for crop scientists and farmers to improve Cd tolerance in rice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants10010087
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Coordinated Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicles Considering Optimal Charging Time for Network Power Loss Minimization
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2021-08-27), p. 5336-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2021-08-27), p. 5336-
    Abstract: Electric vehicles’ (EVs) technology is currently emerging as an alternative of traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. EVs have been treated as an efficient way for decreasing the production of harmful greenhouse gasses and saving the depleting natural oil reserve. The modern power system tends to be more sustainable with the support of electric vehicles (EVs). However, there have been serious concerns about the network’s safe and reliable operation due to the increasing penetration of EVs into the electric grid. Random or uncoordinated charging activities cause performance degradations and overloading of the network asset. This paper proposes an Optimal Charging Starting Time (OCST)-based coordinated charging algorithm for unplanned EVs’ arrival in a low voltage residential distribution network to minimize the network power losses. A time-of-use (ToU) tariff scheme is used to make the charging course more cost effective. The concept of OCST takes the departure time of EVs into account and schedules the overnight charging event in such a way that minimum network losses are obtained, and EV customers take more advantages of cost-effective tariff zones of ToU scheme. An optimal solution is obtained by employing Binary Evolutionary Programming (BEP). The proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE-31 bus distribution system connected to numerous low voltage residential feeders populated with different EVs’ penetration levels. The results obtained from the coordinated EV charging without OCST are compared with those employing the concept of OCST. The results verify that incorporation of OCST can significantly reduce network power losses, improve system voltage profile and can give more benefits to the EV customers by accommodating them into low-tariff zones.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14175336
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparative Proteomic Analysis by iTRAQ Reveals that Plastid Pigment Metabolism Contributes to Leaf Color Changes in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) during Curing
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 7 ( 2020-03-31), p. 2394-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 7 ( 2020-03-31), p. 2394-
    Abstract: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), is a world’s major non-food agricultural crop widely cultivated for its economic value. Among several color change associated biological processes, plastid pigment metabolism is of trivial importance in postharvest plant organs during curing and storage. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in carotenoid and chlorophyll metabolism, as well as color change in tobacco leaves during curing, need further elaboration. Here, proteomic analysis at different curing stages (0 h, 48 h, 72 h) was performed in tobacco cv. Bi’na1 with an aim to investigate the molecular mechanisms of pigment metabolism in tobacco leaves as revealed by the iTRAQ proteomic approach. Our results displayed significant differences in leaf color parameters and ultrastructural fingerprints that indicate an acceleration of chloroplast disintegration and promotion of pigment degradation in tobacco leaves due to curing. In total, 5931 proteins were identified, of which 923 (450 up-regulated, 452 down-regulated, and 21 common) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained from tobacco leaves. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of pigment metabolism and color change, 19 DEPs involved in carotenoid metabolism and 12 DEPs related to chlorophyll metabolism were screened. The results exhibited the complex regulation of DEPs in carotenoid metabolism, a negative regulation in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and a positive regulation in chlorophyll breakdown, which delayed the degradation of xanthophylls and accelerated the breakdown of chlorophylls, promoting the formation of yellow color during curing. Particularly, the up-regulation of the chlorophyllase-1-like isoform X2 was the key protein regulatory mechanism responsible for chlorophyll metabolism and color change. The expression pattern of 8 genes was consistent with the iTRAQ data. These results not only provide new insights into pigment metabolism and color change underlying the postharvest physiological regulatory networks in plants, but also a broader perspective, which prompts us to pay attention to further screen key proteins in tobacco leaves during curing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072394
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2022-01-29), p. 339-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2022-01-29), p. 339-
    Abstract: In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding, heading date is one of the most important agricultural traits that is essential for the completion of its life cycle. Certain endogenous and environmental factors regulate floral transition, morphing the complex genetic mechanism of the heading phase, which could serve as a premise of orchestration for improved yields. To elaborate the network of genetic and environmental signals, a hydroponic experiment was carried out using two spring (i.e., DM65 and DM70) and two winter barley genotypes (i.e., DM269 and DM385). Our results confirmed that the vernalized environment produced a substantial reduction in plant height, biomass and photosynthetic activity compared with the control plants. A noticeable increase in oxidative stress was exhibited by DM65 and DM70 plants compared with their respective controls at 20 °C, while no significant difference was observed for any genotype grown in the greenhouse (25 °C). Simultaneously, increased antioxidant enzyme activity in winter barley genotypes showed a defensive mechanism under vernalized conditions (4 °C). Furthermore, the expression of key regulatory flowering genes revealed that the vernalization gene (HvVRN1) is the key regulator of floral induction after cold exposure, whereas Photoperiod Response Locus 1 (HvPpd-H1) had significantly higher expression under greenhouse conditions, along with Phytochrome C (HvPHY-C), validating their involvement as upstream heading time regulators. These findings contribute to enriching the study of environmental signals that substantially modulate the complex mechanism of barley heading date.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12020339
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Peach–Potato Aphid Myzus persicae: Current Management Strategies, Challenges, and Proposed Solutions
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 14 ( 2023-07-17), p. 11150-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 14 ( 2023-07-17), p. 11150-
    Abstract: The peach–potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is one of the most important pests of economic crops. It damages the plant directly by consuming nutrients and water and indirectly by transmitting plant viruses. This pest has the unenviable title of having resistance to more insecticides than any other herbivorous insect pest. Due to the development of its resistance to chemical pesticides, it is necessary to find other control options. Consequently, increased efforts worldwide have been undertaken to develop new management approaches for M. persicae. In this review, we highlight the problems associated with the peach–potato aphid, its economic importance, and current management approaches. This review also describes the challenges with current management approaches and their potential solutions, with special focus given to the evolution of insecticidal resistance and sustainable pest management strategies, such as biocontrol agents, entomopathogens, the use of natural plant-derived compounds, and cultural methods. Furthermore, this review provides some successful approaches from the above eco-friendly pest management strategies that show high efficacy against M. persicae.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su151411150
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Entropy Generation Analysis of Hybrid Nanomaterial through Porous Space with Variable Characteristics
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Entropy Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2021-01-10), p. 89-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2021-01-10), p. 89-
    Abstract: Salient features of hybrid nanofluid (MoS2-SiO2/water) for Darcy–Forchheimer–Brinkman porous space with variable characteristics is examined. Heat transfer analysis subject to viscous dissipation, nonlinear thermal radiation, and heat generation/absorption is carried out. Disturbance inflow is created by an exponentially stretching curved sheet. Relevant equations are simplified by employing boundary layer theory. Adequate transformations lead to a set of dimensionless equations. Velocity, temperature, and entropy generation rate are analyzed graphically. Comparative results are obtained for hybrid (MoS2-SiO2/water) and nanofluid (MoS2-water and SiO2-water). Physical quantities are analyzed through numerical data.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e23010089
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Nitrogen Fertilization Improves the Agro-Morphological and Yield Attributes of Sinapis alba L.
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-06-16), p. 1621-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-06-16), p. 1621-
    Abstract: Oilseed crops play a vital role in the economy of Pakistan, yet the production of oilseeds is far less than the demand for them. White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) is an emerging crop, that belongs to the Brassicaceae family. It is considered to be an alternative to all other oilseed crops for dry temperate climates. White mustard develops rapidly, and has a large canopy and deep rooting system; hence, it can draw up nutrients from deeper layers. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of nitrogen on S. alba agro-morphological attributes and enhance nutrient use efficiencies. During the Rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21, an experiment was conducted at the University Research Farm, Chakwal Road, Rawalpindi. The study included seven treatments, i.e., T1-Control, T2-20, T3-40, T4-60, T5-80, T6-100, and T7-120 kg·ha−1. Each treatment was replicated three times, and the study utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results revealed that nitrogen at 100 kg·ha−1 was the optimal concentration and significantly increased the agro-morphological parameters, i.e., plant height (47.01%), primary branches (41.36%), secondary branches (45.33%), 1000 seed weight (54.35%), siliques/plant (41.57%), seeds/silique (52.30%) biological yield (68.38%), seed yield (54.90%), harvest index (11%), and oil yield (38.84%), as compared to the control. Moreover, protein contents and oil contents were significantly increased (5.15% and 6%, respectively), as compared to the control, while glucosinolate content was decreased (4.36%). Similarly, maximum agronomic efficiency (AE), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) (53%), physiological efficiency (PE), and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) were also improved, as compared to the control. Hence, N application at a concentration of 100 kg·ha−1 can be recommended for S. alba under the present cropping system of Pothwar.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13061621
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Four-Port MIMO Antenna System for 5G n79 Band RF Devices
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Electronics Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-12-23), p. 35-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-12-23), p. 35-
    Abstract: In this article, a compact four-port MIMO antenna system resonating from 4.7–5.1 GHz on −6 dB criteria is discussed. The proposed antennas are arranged in a perpendicular manner providing diversity with good isolation characteristics. The proposed antenna was fabricated and designed on a commercially available low-cost FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4. The total size of the antenna is 40 × 40 mm2, and a minimum isolation of 25 dB was observed at most nearby resonating elements. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested at an in-house facility, and the measured results agree well with the simulations. The MIMO antenna characteristics, such as the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) among any two radiating elements, have been found to be less than 0.1, and the diversity gain (DG) value evaluated showed that the proposed antenna is well designed. Furthermore, the SAR analysis showed that the desired antenna system is safe for users, with a value of 0.94 W/Kg. The channel capacity (cc) was found to be 18.7 bps/Hz, approximately 2.7 times more than SISO systems. Through its robust and reliable performance and its peak gain of 2.8 dBi, the proposed compact antenna is a good candidate for future 5G devices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics11010035
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Evaluation of the Thermal and Morphological Properties of γ-Irradiated Chitosan-Glycerol-Based Polymeric Films
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Processes Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2021-10-07), p. 1783-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2021-10-07), p. 1783-
    Abstract: Industry-sponsored research has intensified to find suitable substitutes for synthetic polymers. For this purpose, biopolymers are promising materials that are extracted from renewable resources. However, there are areas of concern (biopolymers are mostly brittle in the dry state) that require further research before they are used in advanced applications. To overcome this, plasticizers are often added to biopolymers to enhance their physicochemical properties. In this study, chitosan (CH)-glycerol (GL)-based polymeric films were prepared by a simple drop-casting technique, and the influence of a plasticizer (GL) on the properties of chitosan films was analyzed. Additionally, the as-prepared samples were irradiated with γ-rays (60Co γ rays with a dose of 102 kGy) to study the effect of γ-irradiation on the properties of polymeric composites. To achieve this, different samples were prepared by varying the amount of GL. FT-IR analysis revealed the interruption of hydrogen bonding in chitosan by the incorporation of GL. This led to the chain-spreading of CH, which ultimately increased the flexibility of the composite films (CH-GL). The DSC of the CH film showed two peaks: one endothermic peak below 100 °C (due to water vapor) and a second exothermic peak that appeared between 130 and 360 °C (degradation of the amino group). Plasticization of CH films with GL was confirmed by DSC, where the exothermic degradation was converted into an endothermic peak. Depending upon the amount of GL, γ-irradiation considerably affected the chemical structure of CH by breaking the carbohydrate and pyranose rings; this led to a decrease in the crystallinity of the composite films. The changes studied in the DSC and TGA analysis complemented each other. γ-irradiation also affected the morphology of the films, which changed from smooth and homogeneous to roasted structures, with random swelling on the surface of the films. This swelling reflected the degradation of the surfaces into thin layers. Considering the changes that occurred in the films post-γ-irradiation, it can be inferred that the irradiation dose of 102 kGy is sufficient to degrade as-prepared biopolymer composites.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr9101783
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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