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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interactive Cognitive Motor Training: A Promising Approach for Sustainable Improvement of Balance in Older Adults
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2023-09-07), p. 13407-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2023-09-07), p. 13407-
    Abstract: Physical exercise has been shown to improve balance, gait, and cognitive function in older adults. Interactive cognitive-motor training (ICMT) combines physical exercise and cognitive stimulation, but few studies have focused on the effect of ICMT on static and dynamic balance in older adults. This study aims to improve the balance of older adults to reduce fall-related injuries for sustainable development goals. We randomly assigned 38 older adults to either the ICMT group (n = 22) or the control group (n = 16). The ICMT group participated in 60-min exercise sessions three times a week for 12 weeks, while the control group maintained their regular activities. The static and dynamic balances were assessed before and after the intervention. The results indicated the ICMT group demonstrated significant improvements in static balance, specifically in swing path and velocity (V) in the medial-lateral (M-L) direction with eyes open (p 〈 0.05). With eyes closed, the ICMT group showed significant improvements in total swing path and area compared to the control group (p 〈 0.05). In dynamic balance, there was a significant difference in the lateral (L) angle limit of stability (LOS) between the ICMT group and the control group (p 〈 0.05). In conclusion, ICMT effectively enhances static balance and maintains dynamic balance in older adults.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su151813407
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adaptive Cruise Control for Cut-In Scenarios Based on Model Predictive Control Algorithm
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-06-07), p. 5293-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-06-07), p. 5293-
    Abstract: In a cut-in scenario, traditional adaptive cruise control usually cannot effectively identify the cut-in vehicle and respond to it in advance. This paper proposes an adaptive cruise control (ACC) strategy based on the MPC algorithm for cut-in scenarios. A finite state machine (FSM) is designed to manage vehicle control in different cut-in scenarios. For a cut-in scenario, a method to identify and quantify the possibility of cut-in of a vehicle is proposed. At the same time, a safety distance model of the cut-in vehicle is established as the basis for the state transition of the finite state machine. Taking the quantified cut-in possibility of a vehicle as a reference, the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm, which considers the constraints of driving safety and comfort, is used to realize coordinated control of the host vehicle and the cut-in vehicle. Simulink–Carsim simulation studies show that the ACC strategy for a cut-in scenario can effectively identify a cut-in vehicle and quantify the possibility of cut-in of the vehicle. Faced with a cut-in vehicle, the host vehicle using the ACC strategy can brake several seconds early and switch the following target to the cut-in vehicle. Meanwhile, the acceleration and jerk of the host vehicle changes within a reasonable range, which ensures driving safety and comfort.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app11115293
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Distinguishing the Relative Contribution of Environmental Factors to Runoff Change in the Headwaters of the Yangtze River
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Water Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2019-07-12), p. 1432-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2019-07-12), p. 1432-
    Abstract: The change in river flows at the basin scale reflects the combined influences of changes in various environmental factors associated with climatic and underlying surface properties. Distinguishing the relative contribution of each of these factors to runoff change is critical for sustainable water resource management, but it is also challenging. The headstream region of the Yangtze River, known as “China’s Water Tower”, has undergone a significant runoff change over the past decades. However, the relative contribution of environmental factors to runoff change is still unclear. Here, we designed a series of detrending experiments based on a grid-based hydrological model to quantify the combined influences of multiple environmental factors on runoff change and the relative contribution of an individual factor to runoff change. The results indicate that changes in climate and vegetation significantly increased water yield in the study basin over the past three decades, and the increase in water yield primarily came from the contribution from the upstream of the basin. On the basin scale, the change in precipitation dominated the runoff change that contributed up to 113.2% of the runoff change, followed by the wind speed change with a contribution rate of −15.1%. Other factors, including changes in temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration (as a surrogate for net radiation), and albedo (as a surrogate for vegetation) had limited effects on runoff change, and the contribution rate of these factors to runoff change ranged from −5% to 5%. On spatial patterns, the influences of changes in some environmental factors on runoff changes were affected by elevation, particularly for temperature. The rising temperature had mixed effects on runoff change, which generally increased water yield at high altitudes of the basin but decreased water yield at low altitudes of the basin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w11071432
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vinyl Phosphate-Functionalized, Magnetic, Molecularly-Imprinted Polymeric Microspheres’ Enrichment and Carbon Dots’ Fluorescence-Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Polymers Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-10-27), p. 1770-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2019-10-27), p. 1770-
    Abstract: The rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in food is crucial to food safety. One type of novel, magnetic, molecularly-imprinted polymeric microsphere (MMIP) was prepared with vinyl phosphate and 1-octadecene as a collection of dual functional monomers, which were screened by Gaussian09W molecular simulation. MMIPs were used to enrich organic phosphorus, which then detected by fluorescence quenching in vinyl phosphate-modified carbon dots (CDs@VPA) originated from anhydrous citric acid. MMIPs and CDs@VPA were characterized by TEM, particle size analysis, FT-IR, VSM, XPS, adsorption experiments, and fluorescence spectrophotometry in turn. Through the fitting data from experiment and Gaussian quantum chemical calculations, the molecular recognition properties and the mechanism of fluorescence detection between organophosphorus pesticides and CDs@VPA were also investigated. The results indicated that the MMIPs could specifically recognize and enrich triazophos with the saturated adsorption capacity 0.226 mmol g−1, the imprinting factor 4.59, and the limit of recognition as low as 0.0006 mmol L−1. Under optimal conditions, the CDs@VPA sensor has shown an extensive fluorescence property with a LOD of 0.0015 mmol L−1 and the linear range from 0.0035 mmol L−1 to 0.20 mmol L−1 (R2 = 0.9988) at 390 nm. The mechanism of fluorescence detection of organic phosphorus with CDs@VPA sensor might be attributable to hydrogen bonds formed between heteroatom O, N, S, or P, and the O−H group, which led to fluorescent quenching. Meanwhile, HN−C=O and Si−O groups in CDs@VPA system might contribute to cause excellent blue photoluminescence. The fluorescence sensor was thorough successfully employed to the detection of triazophos in cucumber samples, illustrating its tremendous value towards food sample analysis in complex matrix.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym11111770
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Experimental Research on a New Mini-Channel Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Gas Cooler
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2023-05-22), p. 1094-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2023-05-22), p. 1094-
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a novel spiral plate mini-channel gas cooler designed for use with supercritical CO2. The CO2 channel of the mini-channel spiral plate gas cooler has a circular spiral cross-section with a radius of 1 mm, while the water channel has an elliptical cross-section spiral channel with a long axis of 2.5 mm and a short axis of 1.3 mm. The results show that increasing the mass flux of CO2 can effectively enhance the overall heat transfer coefficient when the water side mass flow rate is 0.175 kg·s−1 and the CO2 side pressure is 7.9 MPa. Increasing the inlet water temperature can also improve the overall heat transfer coefficient. The overall heat transfer coefficient is higher when the gas cooler is vertically oriented compared to horizontally oriented. A Matlab program was developed to verify that the correlation based on Zhang’s method has the highest accuracy. The study found a suitable heat transfer correlation for the new spiral plate mini-channel gas cooler through experimental research, which can provide a reference for future designs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi14051094
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Macro- and Micro-Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Xigeda Formation Claystone in Luding County, Western Sichuan, China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2023-09-04), p. 13274-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2023-09-04), p. 13274-
    Abstract: Claystone is actually a type of hard soil or soft rock. To reveal the engineering geological characteristics of the Xigeda formation claystone in Luding County (Western Sichuan, China), some experiments, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and geotechnical tests, are performed. The testing results indicate that the Xigeda formation claystone primarily consists of silt, clay, and other fine-grained materials. It is characterized by interbedded yellow and gray thin layers with a horizontal lamination structure. The yellow and gray claystones are made of the same materials but differ in their proportions. Additionally, yellow claystone is characterized by a higher density, resulting in enhanced cementation among clay particles. The permeability coefficient of Xigeda formation claystones ranges from 3.62 × 10−4~7.34 × 10−4 cm/s. The cohesion of yellow and gray claystones decreases with increasing moisture content, and the decline is greater at higher moisture contents. However, the relationship between internal friction angle and moisture content is different. The mechanical properties of the Xigeda formation exhibit significant differences in sensitivity to changes in moisture content across various regions. Notably, the claystone within the study region experiences a particularly pronounced weakening of its mechanical properties when exposed to water.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su151713274
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modeling and Experimental Study of Double-Row Bow-Type Micro-Displacement Amplifier for Direct-Drive Servo Valves
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2020-03-16), p. 312-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2020-03-16), p. 312-
    Abstract: Giant magnetostrictive actuators (GMA) are widely used in the field of servo valves, but the displacement of GMA is limited, which renders meeting the requirements of large flow direct-drive electro-hydraulic servo valves (DDV) difficult. In order to solve these problems, this study proposes a double-row bow-type micro-displacement amplifier (DBMA), used to increase output displacement of GMA to meet the requirements. This study, by static analysis, analyzes the force of a flexure hinge based on theoretical mechanics and material mechanics, derives the stiffness matrix of the flexure hinge by the influence coefficient method, establishes the pseudo-rigid model, and derives the amplification ratio of a DBMA. Also, by kinetic analysis, using Castigliano’s second theorem, a formula of equivalent stiffness and natural frequency of DBMA were derived and the influences of different parameters on them were analyzed, respectively. After that, we analyzed the amplifier using finite element method (FEM) simulation software and verified the model by manufacturing a prototype and building a test system. Theoretical calculations and experimental results showed that the amplification ratio of the DBMA fluctuated between 15.43 and 16.25. The natural frequency was about 305 Hz to 314 Hz and the response bandwidth was up to 300 Hz. The error among the theoretical, simulated, and experimental values was within 8%, supporting the accuracy of the model.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi11030312
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Study of New Mini-Channel Trans-Critical CO2 Heat Pump Gas Cooler
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2022-07-29), p. 1206-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2022-07-29), p. 1206-
    Abstract: A gas cooler is one of the important parts of a carbon dioxide (CO2) heat pump water heater, and it must meet the needs of not only pressurization but also heat transfer. It is important to study gas coolers. In this paper, a heat exchanger with a spiral channel is studied. ANSYS CFX software was used to analyze the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchanger (single-plate model). The influences of the cooling pressure of CO2, the mass flux of CO2, the mass flux of water and the channel radius of CO2 are discussed. In this paper, the results show that the cooling pressure of CO2, the mass flux of CO2 and the channel radius of CO2 all have a large influence on the local heat transfer coefficient: with an increase in the cooling pressure of CO2, the peak value of the heat transfer coefficient of CO2 decreases and the average heat transfer coefficient decreases; with an increase in the mass flux of CO2, the peak value of the heat transfer coefficient of CO2 increases and the average heat transfer coefficient increases; and with a decrease in the channel radius of CO2, the peak value of the heat transfer coefficient of CO2 increases. The water mass flux has only a slight effect on heat transfer, and the lower cooling pressure of CO2 corresponds to a higher peak heat transfer coefficient, which can reach 27.5 kW∙m−2∙K−1 at 9 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi13081206
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Microspheres for Selective Solid-Phase Extraction of Capecitabine in Urine Samples
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 14, No. 19 ( 2022-09-22), p. 3968-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 19 ( 2022-09-22), p. 3968-
    Abstract: Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction to treat biological samples has attracted considerable attention. Herein, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) microspheres with porous structures were prepared by a combined suspension-iniferter polymerization method using capecitabine (CAP) as a template molecule. This material was subsequently used as a solid-phase extraction agent to separate and enrich drug molecules in urine samples. UV analysis revealed that methacrylate (MAA) was an ideal functional monomer, and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Ultraviolet (UV), and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analyses were used to study the interaction forces between MAA and CAP, demonstrating that hydrogen bonding was the primary interaction force. MIPs with outstanding selectivity were successfully prepared, and the analysis of their surface morphology and chemical structure revealed a spherical morphology with small holes distributed across a rough surface. This surface morphology significantly reduced the mass transfer resistance of template molecules, providing an ideal template recognition effect. Using the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction method, CAP and the structural analog cytidine (CYT) were pretreated in urine samples and quantified by HPLC. The results showed that CAP and CYT recoveries reached 97.2% and 39.8%, respectively, with a limit of detection of 10.0–50.0 µg·mL−1. This study provides a novel approach to drug molecule pretreatment that can be applied in drug separation and functional materials science fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym14193968
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Invasive and Native Plants Differentially Respond to Exogenous Phosphorus Addition in Root Growth and Nutrition Regulated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Plants Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2023-06-01), p. 2195-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2023-06-01), p. 2195-
    Abstract: Plant invasion has severely damaged ecosystem stability and species diversity worldwide. The cooperation between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots is often affected by changes in the external environment. Exogenous phosphorus (P) addition can alter the root absorption of soil resources, thus regulating the root growth and development of exotic and native plants. However, it remains unclear how exogenous P addition regulates the root growth and development of exotic and native plants mediated by AMF, affecting the exotic plant invasion. In this experiment, the invasive plant Eupatorium adenophorum and native plant Eupatorium lindleyanum were selected and cultured under intraspecific (Intra-) competition and interspecific (Inter-) competition conditions, involving inoculation with (M+) and without AMF (M−) and three different levels of P addition including no addition (P0), addition with 15 mg P kg−1 soil (P15), and addition with 25 mg P kg−1 soil (P25) for the two species. Root traits of the two species were analyzed to study the response of the two species’ roots to AMF inoculation and P addition. The results showed that AMF significantly promoted the root biomass, length, surface area, volume, tips, branching points, and carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and P accumulation of the two species. Under M+ treatment, the Inter- competition decreased the root growth and nutrient accumulation of invasive E. adenophorum but increased the root growth and nutrient accumulation of native E. lindleyanum relative to the Intra- competition. Meanwhile, the exotic and native plants responded differently to P addition, exhibiting root growth and nutrient accumulation of invasive E. adenophorum increased with P addition, whereas native E. lindleyanum reduced with P addition. Further, the root growth and nutrition accumulation of native E. lindleyanum were higher than invasive E. adenophorum under Inter- competition. In conclusion, exogenous P addition promoted the invasive plant but reduced the native plant in root growth and nutrient accumulation regulated by AMF, although the native plant outcompeted the invasive plant when the two species competed. The findings provide a critical perspective that the anthropogenic P fertilizer addition might potentially contribute to the successful invasion of exotic plants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants12112195
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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